My understanding is that there were two reasons. First of all, they had to build the engines in sections, and secondly they had different thermal expansion rates.
The so called 'O-rings' were very thick, custom molded seals' They were only designed for a certain operating temperature range. The lost shuttle violated NASA's own safety rules, but they went for a launch after too many launch delays.
Michael A. Terrell
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From: "bonddaleena@... via Groups.Io" <bonddaleena@...>
I even visited MT after the Challenger disaster, in a different capacity. Could not believe they used O-rings on the Shuttle.