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Sextant how too found on internet some may like reading Method 1 Method 1 of 7: Finding True North in the Northern Hemisphere 1 Locate Polaris, the North Star. Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor, also known as the Little Bear or Little Dipper. The North Star is the tip of the Little Dipper’s handle, or the tail of the Little Bear. Finding Polaris is important to star navigation because it remains almost in the same spot all night.[1] The star is called Polaris because it appears within a degree of the Celestial North Pole and therefore appears to not move in the night sky.[2] In Greek mythology, Zeus rewarded two bears with a home in the stars of the night sky. When he threw them up there, he swung them by their tails, which elongated and formed the Ursa Minor constellation.[3] Today, most people refer to Ursa Minor as the Little Dipper instead of the Little Bear because the seven stars that make up the constellation look like a small water dipper. 2 Use pointer stars in the Big Dipper to find Polaris and True North. Although Polaris is visible in the northern sky at most locations north of the equator, it can be hard to spot if you don’t know exactly what you’re looking for. Instead, locate the Big Dipper and find Merak and Dubhe, the two stars on the edge of the Big Dipper opposite its handle. Follow these stars toward the Big Dipper’s mouth to find Polaris.[4] If you go 5 times the Merak-Dubhe distance away from Dubhe, you’ll be within 3 degrees of Polaris. If Polaris is clouded over, you still know where it is. 3 Locate the Cassiopeia constellation. Depending on your position, Cassiopeia appears as an “M” or a “W” in the sky. While Polaris is located at the North Celestial Pole, Cassiopeia is at the South Celestial Pole. Connect these two points to find true north.[5] When the Big Dipper is below the horizon, find the Great Square of the Pegasus constellation. Measure the distance from the star Alpheratz (visually a part of Pegasus but actually a part of Andromeda), to Caph, the star at the rightmost edge of Cassiopeia (W-shaped). In line with the 2 stars, measure another of these distances. You’ll then be less than 3 degrees from Polaris, even if you can’t physically see it.[6] Method 2 Method 2 of 7: Finding Latitude in the Northern Hemisphere Measure the angle between the horizon and a star directly above you. For the best accuracy, use an astrolabe or sextant, which lets you read the angle off its curved section. This angle measure is the same as your latitude north of the equator.[7] If you don’t have an astrolabe or sextant, you can also use a protractor. Hold the protractor in front of you and align it to true north. Then, record the angle that is between a star and the horizon to get your latitude. You can also find your latitude without the use of tools. Approximate the angle by extending your fist to the horizon and stacking fists hand-over-hand until you reach the North Star. Your extended fist is approximately 10 degrees of an angle measure. Method 3 Method 3 of 7: Finding South in the Northern Hemisphere 1 Locate Ursa Minor. Known as the Little Dipper or the Little Bear, this constellation resembles a small ladle with 2 stars at the end of the handle. Locate the Little Dipper, then find the star at the tip of the handle and draw an imaginary line from the star down to the horizon. The point where the line meets the horizon is south. 2 Find the Orion constellation. Orion, or the Hunter, resembles a bent hourglass with stars making up Orion’s shoulders, knees, and belt. Find Alnilam, the middle star in Orion’s belt, and look for one moderately bright, one dim, and one fuzzy star hanging down from the belt. These represent Orion’s sword, which points south.[8] The stars Betelgeuse and Bellatrix represent Orion’s shoulders, and the stars Saiph and Rigel represent the knees or feet. Orion’s belt consists of 3 stars: Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka. In the Northern Hemisphere, Orion is visible chiefly in the winter and early spring but can be seen late at night in the fall or before su

Columbus and Celestial Navigation used a Astrolabe and Dead reckoning tools. Just think of taking a curse with Columbus in 1492 . At this time there was no real time keeping for Longitude. By this time they figure out latitude using a ASTROLABE and the sun move 23?° up and down in 365 days. The Accuracy was lest than ?° off or (17 NM , 19.7 miles , 34.5KM) Even today's standards that is close. The main way for Longitude was to use Dead Reckoning a hourglass and rope with knots at given spacing and board at end and a Compass. They plot out on paper there course. If they was off on ladatude correction was made. Depending the group measuring the spoed and number of course changes made per day and cross current errors. Remember at this they did not of navigating on a round ball aka earth too. This work very well till we had time accuracy keeping and one spot on earth zero. Here is the simple way of finding LONGITUDE. Solar time different from your location and Greenwich Time in hours X 15 is LONGITUDE . You are 10? hours in time from Greenwich times 15 = 157.5° or 157° 30' A sundiel could be used for time . LATITUDE Some Astrolabe has a disk to adjust for the day year . Depending on the that mader of the astrolabe is accuracy. Most re very good. A sextant takes in more factors but still at end simple except you chart for each day and you correction for very accurate angle

Using a ASTROLABE for finding time VIDEO https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tt-_GKmX8dk Dave

This last chance to buy low cost tools for long time Dave

This is on an active lineshaft in the Fred R Clark & Son Machineworks. This old gal is the most reliable machinetool in the shop. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pow9_X7KLHU

Here is a nice Video on Unitmate mini lathe in use. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/OO0_LObYHh8 I have not see this fetcher on mlnl lathe on a Unitmate mini lathe. This is from /g/Unimat/topics I respect the other groups want to keep to subject. This group was formed to be a open subject group too. Dave

Found great replacement for old dusty GPS . This need no batteries and no Satellite need. It is made in brass with plating to keep brass look. Free shipping too. You should buy two , one for a backup https://shop.cassens-plath.de/en/sextants/sextant-models/235/gold-edition?c=27#P:1 Hight lite between brackets for PRICE { $11,075.00 } Amazon & Walmart has a cheaper version too. Dave

Here time line ?????? ? ? ? Astrolabe first real Navigation tool ? ? ? ? The astrolabe is an intricate astronomical instrument invented in Ancient Greece around 150 BC. It enabled measurements of celestial objects like stars and planets, told time, determined latitude and longitude, and performed astronomical calculations. The astrolabe was a revolutionary navigation aid that utilized star positions to find one's position at sea. It remained the most widely used scientific instrument until the late 17th century1. The history of the astrolabe begins in Alexandria and moves to the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world, where it flourished from India to Muslim Spain. ?????? ? ?? ? Dead Reckoning ?? ? Dead reckoning was noted in the 1500's this does work for very low tech Longitude by using charts and compass. Basically give apx miles travel in a given direction. Then with know ladatude can give a close location. There variable that could 100s of miles off ?????? ? ? ? Sextant ? ? ? ? The sextant's origins trace back to ancient times, but its modern iteration, commonly referred to as Hadley's Sextant, was created by John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey in 1730. The sextant is a navigation instrument used to measure the angular distance between two visible objects. The earliest known sextant was created by John Bird in 1757 ?????? ? ? ? Time need for Longitude ? ? ? ? John Harrison's invention of a chronometer that could keep time at sea with sufficient accuracy to be practical for determining longitude was recognized in 1773 as first enabling determination of longitude at sea. Later methods used the telegraph and then radio to synchronize clocks ?????? ? ? ? Just in time for? ? ? ?? ? Steam engines & Ships ???

Calculation of Great Circle navigation. If have a global and string you do same thing. You see photos of globals on ships some navigators will use pins on global for location and where going. Cuts down noon on calculation. https://www.anycalculator.com/navigationcalculator.html Dave

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Link to web site for sextant for time. https://astrolabesailing.com/2016/10/04/celestial-navigation-measurement-of-time/ Dave

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