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Found great replacement for old dusty GPS . This need no batteries and no Satellite need. It is made in brass with plating to keep brass look. Free shipping too. You should buy two , one for a backup https://shop.cassens-plath.de/en/sextants/sextant-models/235/gold-edition?c=27#P:1 Hight lite between brackets for PRICE { $11,075.00 } Amazon & Walmart has a cheaper version too. Dave

Here time line ?????? ? ? ? Astrolabe first real Navigation tool ? ? ? ? The astrolabe is an intricate astronomical instrument invented in Ancient Greece around 150 BC. It enabled measurements of celestial objects like stars and planets, told time, determined latitude and longitude, and performed astronomical calculations. The astrolabe was a revolutionary navigation aid that utilized star positions to find one's position at sea. It remained the most widely used scientific instrument until the late 17th century1. The history of the astrolabe begins in Alexandria and moves to the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world, where it flourished from India to Muslim Spain. ?????? ? ?? ? Dead Reckoning ?? ? Dead reckoning was noted in the 1500's this does work for very low tech Longitude by using charts and compass. Basically give apx miles travel in a given direction. Then with know ladatude can give a close location. There variable that could 100s of miles off ?????? ? ? ? Sextant ? ? ? ? The sextant's origins trace back to ancient times, but its modern iteration, commonly referred to as Hadley's Sextant, was created by John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey in 1730. The sextant is a navigation instrument used to measure the angular distance between two visible objects. The earliest known sextant was created by John Bird in 1757 ?????? ? ? ? Time need for Longitude ? ? ? ? John Harrison's invention of a chronometer that could keep time at sea with sufficient accuracy to be practical for determining longitude was recognized in 1773 as first enabling determination of longitude at sea. Later methods used the telegraph and then radio to synchronize clocks ?????? ? ? ? Just in time for? ? ? ?? ? Steam engines & Ships ???

Calculation of Great Circle navigation. If have a global and string you do same thing. You see photos of globals on ships some navigators will use pins on global for location and where going. Cuts down noon on calculation. https://www.anycalculator.com/navigationcalculator.html Dave

Hello Everyone just monthly hi from MINILATHE @groups.io group at 开云体育, a free, easy-to-use email group service. Please take a moment to post your latest projects and photos here. Note: It easier to post photos via EMAIL In jpeg , jpg & gif format other format may work not tested This group can help most projects too. You can visit your group, start reading messages and posting them here. The email address for this group is: [email protected] Because our system allows for participants to post via web or email, you can use this email to post new topics. To see and modify all of your groups, go to Regards, The [email protected] Moderator

Link to web site for sextant for time. https://astrolabesailing.com/2016/10/04/celestial-navigation-measurement-of-time/ Dave

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This is on an active lineshaft in the Fred R Clark & Son Machineworks. This old gal is the most reliable machinetool in the shop. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pow9_X7KLHU

CO2 engine at work https://animatedengines.com/co2.html Dave

Here a article I read last year. It was reprint from 2016 Dave ?????? "Raise your hand if you have ever determined your location on the planet using the stars," Lt. Daniel Stayton tells his class at the U.S. Naval Academy. A young officer halfheartedly puts up her hand. Another wavers. The rest of the class of 20 midshipmen sits stone-faced. This is the challenge facing the U.S. Navy as it tries to bring back celestial navigation. The Navy stopped training its service members to navigate by the stars about a decade ago, focusing instead on electronic navigational systems. But fears about the security of the Global Positioning System and a desire to return to the basics of naval training are pushing the fleet back toward this ancient method of finding a course across open water. Navigation by the stars dates back millennia. The ancient Polynesians used stars and constellations to help guide their outrigger canoes across thousands of miles of the Pacific Ocean. And right up until the mid-20th century, navigation on the sea was usually done by looking at the heavens. That changed in the late 1970s, when the military began launching GPS satellites. The satellite system provided a far more accurate fix than the stars could. In 2000, the U.S. Navy began phasing out sextants and charts in favor of computers. Rear Adm. Michael White, who heads the Navy's training, says the change in curriculum was driven by the need to bring young officers up to speed on the Navy's equivalent of Googlemaps, called the Voyage Management System. It uses GPS, radar and other tools to precisely track a ship's position and course across the ocean. The system is complex and, "we don't have infinite training time available," White says. Lt. Daniel Stayton demonstrates how to use a sextant before a class of midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. Geoff Brumfiel/NPR So, why return now to the old ways? The Navy and other branches of the U.S. military are becoming increasingly concerned, in part, that they may be overly reliant on GPS. "We use it to synchronize all military operations, we use it to navigate everywhere — it's just something the U.S. military can't live without," says Brian Weeden, a former Air Force officer now with the Secure World Foundation, a nonprofit that studies security issues in outer space. In a big war, the GPS satellites could be shot down. Or, more likely, their signal could be jammed or hacked. Already, jamming has become more common, Weeden says. "You can buy a lot of GPS jammers off the Internet," he says. "A lot of those are made by Russia." He thinks the Russians probably have systems to jam the special signals the military uses as well. And China may be developing similar capabilities. White, who heads the Navy's training, says there is also a desire to get back to basics. Over the past decade, electronic navigation systems on ships have become easier to use, so less training is required. He says the Navy is bringing back celestial navigation to make sure its officers understand the fundamentals. "You know, I would equate it to blindly following the navigation system in your car: If you don't have an understanding of north/south/east/west, or perhaps where you're going, it takes you to places you didn't intend to go," he says. In fact, there has been at least one incident in the past decade when a Navy ship ran aground partly because of problems with the electronic navigation system, investigators say. Back in the classroom at the Naval Academy, the midshipmen finishing up their first course seem a little bewildered. Until now, says 20-year-old Audrey Channell, celestial navigation wasn't on her radar. "I mean, obviously I heard about using stars to navigate in the old days," she says, "but I never thought I'd be using it." Like many of the others in the class, she uses GPS to navigate her daily life. Her instructor, Daniel Stayton, says that's OK. Nobody expects these young officers to become Magellans overnight.

In 1803 when steam engine was a latest and greatest of day. Lewis & Clark had no GPS and they on dry land now what. They had Sextant & Octant (45°/90° sextant) with Artificial Horizon (pan of water and wind shield) and a good clock had keep good time for years. ? Sextant ? Octant using a Peep sight only 45°/90° ? Artificial Horizon with glass wind break ? ? How the Artificial Horizon was used in the 1800's on land. ? Theodolites better than Transit ? Hightly actuate Clock for yeas used on ships for Navigation This what Lewis and Clark used for first tip across America by any one. Map of Lewis & Clark trip More on Lewis & Clark Trip see links below. http://lewisandclarknavigation.org/InstrumentCalibration.htm https://lewis-clark.org/day-by-day/28-jan-1805/ https://mbmg.mtech.edu/Pubs/Lewis-Clark/lewis-clark-equip.asp#gsc.tab=0 Dave

Here the way for a Artificial Horizon using a 9x13 card pan aka Ford parts pan. Since the sextant measures a angle. The sun reflects off water This gives angle of sun reflection and the sun just devide the angle in haft. Dave ?????? ? Long way off the internet ? Below? In a location away from the sea where the horizon is not immediately visible, it is not possible to take Altitudes of celestial bodies with the Sextant in the usual way. One way to work around this problem is to use an artificial horizon. The artificial horizon can be made with a plate, filled with some liquid. Water will do, but oil is better. A pool can also be used, if there is no wind or waves (the water surface must be completely flat). The purpose of the liquid is to obtain an ideal horizontal (reflecting) surface. The following must be considered for determining the Observed Altitude (Ho) from measurements with the artificial horizon as described above: The index error as well as the sextant reading must be divided by two. The Dip Correction and Semi-Diameter Correction must be set to zero.

Here youtube on the compass. Easy too Dave https://youtu.be/ckhPRie1iKk?feature=shared

Hello Everyone just monthly hi from MINILATHE @groups.io group at 开云体育, a free, easy-to-use email group service. Please take a moment to post your latest projects and photos here. Note: It easier to post photos via EMAIL In jpeg , jpg & gif format other format may work not tested This group can help most projects too. You can visit your group, start reading messages and posting them here. The email address for this group is: [email protected]. Because our system allows for participants to post via web or email, you can use this email to post new topics. To see and modify all of your groups, go to Regards, The [email protected] Moderator Just a little information This group started as SouthBendLathe10K group on Yahoo.com the 10k group is on SouthBendLathe9.groups.io Then move to groups.io Last wast rename to [email protected]