Ok, with single phase you have the caps Annu mentioned. I am not aware of anything that would not run the motor at full speed other than low voltage. A less than ideal electrical connection can reduce voltage to the motor. This can be a connector not properly seated, compromised wiring, corrosion in connectors, etc.
Me being not aware does not mean that there are no other possibilities.
What you described does match an electrolytic capacitor behavior that has not seen power for a very long time. These caps have a shelf life that depends upon storage temp. A quality electrolytic capacitor will exceed it¡¯s inrush limit when power is applied after a very long time and then reform itself back to normal.
This still does not explain why the saw won¡¯t achieve full speed. If it has not improved yet i would check the caps as Annu mentioned, voltage at the motor and the belt, just in case.