As Donald pointed out, alkaline cells/batteries have a fairly high internal resistance, the old carbon zinc Leclanché? cells had an even higher internal resistance.
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[I had to go pick up a prescription and checked out the battery rack and found old style carbon zinc Leclanché? cells are still available, I'm not sure why anyone would try and save the few pennies difference in price, but then some people are even cheaper than me.]
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It's much like using CR3032, or other lithium button cells, to power a LED. It's almost always perfectly safe to overvoltge the LED because of the high internal resistance of the button cell drops the voltage to a safe value.
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My wife won a 6 cell Mag flashlight with a "psychedelic" color scheme in the anodized aluminum case. She loves the thing but hated the way it ate batteries. [God help the person who tries to attack her when she's got it out. I suspect it'd make one heck of a club.]
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I replaced the incandescent bulb with a LED and new reflector then used "AA" to "D" adaptor shells. It's about 3 times as bright and the cells last about 5? times as long.
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Note: Drop in LED replacement bulbs for incandescent bulbs for "Mag flashlights" are inexpensive but the original reflector isn't optimized for a LED. It's worthwhile the extra expense to go with a combined LED/reflector. [or buy a new LED flashlight for about 1/10 the cost.]
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The book goes into such things as internal resistance, response to cold and heat, etc.
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I use 1F [yes 1 Farad] capacitors to replace the CRxxxx memory backup cells in my Kenwood R-2000s and iCom IC-28A. I salvaged the 1Fs from Kenwood "keep alive while shipping" commercial 2-way 900MHz radios. They've been in service since the summer of 1990. I just turned on a R-2000 that has a really messed up encoder reader. You can tune the radio but it will take an hour to tune to a desired frequency. It's tuned to WWV on 2.5/5/10/15/20 and the US AF global HF network primary and secondary frequencies. It hadn't be turned on, or connected to power, in at least 3 years. All memories were still there.
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For the truly demented among you, with oodles of money to waste on experiments....
Electronic Goldmine offered
G28718 ^' Eaton 62 Farad 18.0V 3.7KW Peak Power Energy Storage Module XTM-18R626-R
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Eaton Supercapacitor Storage Module is rated 62 Farad 18.0V. Size is 9-1/4" x 1-5/8" x 3" tall. Has 2 screw terminals for power hookup. New! Retails for $189.69.
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From the Eaton webpage
https://www.eaton.com/za/en-gb/skuPage.XTM-18R0626-R.html
Peak Current (1 second) 235.6A
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My Toyota Echo draws 97A @60F when starting. Takes about 4 seconds, so, could I use 4 or 5 of these? At ~$600?
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These would make a nice very short term 12V power rail back up for short power outages.
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One of the "magic" ways electric vehicles maximize battery life and driving range is to use the drive motors as generators when braking, they dump the electricity into high value capacitors, then draw the electricity to start/accelerate.
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I am not into NASCAR but was at a friend's home one evening and his daughter loves NASCAR. I was impressed by how quickly the front brake would turn red nearly white from heat with what appeared to be modest braking.
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Braking clearly wastes a lot of energy, capturing it for reuse in an EV is impressive.
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Re vibrators. I tore a dead one apart when I was 7, still remember the odd smell from the sound deadening rubber insulation.
I used a relay as a 'vibrator' for my first home made Geiger counter when I was 8. The vibrator drove the 6V CT with a lantern battery (this was when lantern batteries used "F" cells instead of "D" cells.) of a salvaged transformer. A 3 stage voltage multiplier produced 600-700V. It would charge a capacitor that gave 10 minutes of "click time" before needing to recharge. I was 10 when I replaced the relay with transistors.
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I eventually learned enough to build a real voltage multiplier, use a cross coupled pair of transistors to drive a 12V CT > 120V transformer and step the ~120ish volt to 620. I used Neon bulbs to inhibit the oscillator when the voltage was 620ish.
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I thought I was a genius.?
Hey it was a lot cheaper then a 600V battery!
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