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This office staple contain zinc and iron from xrf Zinc plated iron to prevent rusting Iron is the sole metal for tensile strength in this standard paper staple Perhaps some higher grade industrial staples consist of more elements of interest Not sure what adhesive is used in this case to hold the staples together Could be something purely organic Will try getting some medical suturing staples if possible as a comparison Some of the things we take for granted

Charles, Attached is the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrscopy (LIBS) of a large rounded samarskite nugget and a samarskite crystal from the Rincon occurance. Both exhibit the same elemental composition most likely indicating one source, which I’ll admit we haven’t found yet. Also attached is the XRF of the crystal indicating it’s a yttrium samarskite(Y). Note that the LIBS indicates some scandium which is usually associated with a ferrocolumbite. Dud KK7IF

I have mentioned before in the gammaspectrometry regarding my sand water filter being radioactive. Today I dismantled it and evacuated the contents It was purely sand. All the while I thought there was a gravel layer accounting for the radiation . My GR130 detected K40,U238 and Th232 Dose meter reading 42uR/hr ,twice the bg I have totally no idea about this sand origin. My xrf scan with X-ray for 6 secs show P,K,Ca?,Rb,Sr,Sn and Ba. Can someone do some detective work to find out the origin of this radioactive sand? Perhaps it’s a byproduct of sand mining in rare earth industry? Pic is for the sand and mca file will follow. Thanks Taray

I asked my dentist for the composition of my dental crown. what a mixture, may be 10 Karat gold. I hope I kept the sheet he gave me. I wonder if any one has tried to analyze a gold dental crown. I 've always asked my dentist for my gold crowns when they are removed. When I find my crown's composition sheet, I can post it. P

Here is xrf of some lab and household stuff Microscopy 1 Eosin-Y 2 Methylene blue These are for staining of tissue samples under the microscope 2 Antiseptics Acriflavine Savlon (cetrimide and chlorhexidine) Eosin show bromine Used as histologic stain Methylene blue dye showing Zn Probably a Zn Chloride salt . I also need to check on Methylene /patent blue medical ampoule separately next time These are likely to be Zn free Acriflavine is a chlorinated organic compound No Cl seen Savlon showing bromine Savlon is a mixture of cetrimide and chlorhexidine Br is from cetrimide component. No Cl peaks from chlorhexidine seen. Iodine antiseptics need no introduction Pics are for the 4 samples above Xrf to follow Some spelling mistakes on the mca files . Taray

Here is xrf of xenon headlight Shows xenon and cerium. Not sure why there is cerium? Ban in some countries Unable to analyze light spectrum due to power supply problems Like to know if this car light produces UV Perhaps cerium has uv blocking properties? Taray Pic of xenon bulb and xrf spectrum

Geo123 uses the external Al case as a heatsink. The temperature diode is a sensitive component besides the Be sensor Mine was spoiled once after a marathon acquisition time in the humid tropics.. Here are some reading material 1 You tube video Peltier effect cooling Experiments with a Peltier cooling device 2 OEM Detector & Preamplifier Configurations – Amptek – X-Ray Detectors and Electronics ( https://www.amptek.com/products/x-ray-detectors/oem-xrf-solutions/pa-210-and-pa-230-preamplifiers-for-amptek-xrf-detectors ) Some heatsink info from Engineer’s mini handbook In my opinion,besides unnecessary touching the detector,other sources of heatsink problems are 1 At the electrical connectors site which is slightly warmer then the case 2 Putting low thermal conductivity objects on top 3 Shiny Al sheets which will reflect heat back. BTW Al is indeed an excellent heatsink The Al can blow torch experiment A small strip will melt within a minute with a small torch Almost impossible to melt a whole empty can with small blow torch

Optimum x-ray exciter physics Basic understanding of x-ray physics can be extrapolated to the proper functioning of xrf .. Essentially there are 3 basic types of exciters for X-ray xrf 1 Made for xrf x-ray units 2 Home made from assembly of X-ray tubes and voltage transformers 3 modifications from existing setups like dental units etc. 1 is designed for xrf purposes may not pose many problems for xrf Everything is already laid out by the manufacturer.Only finding the sweet spots for good Xrf yields . But for latter 2 certain vital adjustments are necessary The divergent x-ray beam needs to be collimated before passing through a small opening to produce a narrow beam which is a fundamental requirement for xrf Without the last 2 steps ,one may be getting x-ray divergence causing wide scatter which is counter productive for xrf.In cases like this typically the sensor will detect high dead times with low Xrf yield. Merely putting a thick lead window next to an X-ray tube may not be enough without a proximal collimator Additionally a small collimator placed next to the sensor may further streamline the xrf from the sample. I am currently working on this collimator sensor. So far I am getting mixed results One can do without this last collimator.Simple redcap is sufficient . Some first time users may encounter some problems with xrf and I hope this will be helpful. I am commenting based on my own personal experience . Make adjustments according to geometry of setup

I want to use this for an XRF spectrometer, but I have no idea which voltages I have to apply to which pin. I do not have any schematics about and could mit find on internet so far. Is anyone able to help me? The whole thing is from an XRF gun. Regards, Tom

The match stick xrf shows Phosphorus,K,Br.Cl ,Mn,Fe and Sr Sulphur not detectable here. The striker xrf shows Ca,Cr ,Ti,Fe,Zn ,Pb and Sr The match stick is for ignition function The striker besides supporting ignition also acts as an abrasive and a catalyst Mechanism of action is basically from phosphorus interactions. Br a flame retardant seems an oddity . Role here seems to be to generate a controlled ignition Maybe to prevent clothes from catching fire . Actually all this has got something thing in common with mitochondria,the energy factory producing ATP (energy currency) Both require phosphorus to function It is a rate limiting step with feedback mechanisms and disruptors like cyanide. Pics of samples as they were used

The chemistry of glass is complex. Commercial beer comes in amber,green or clear glass types All block UV light by combination of colors and UV blocking metal ion additives. Fe can give green or amber based on oxidative state Chromium adds green. Ti and Ce are for UV blocking properties Ca ,Sr ,Zr together with Ti are found commonly in both glass types by xrf. Xrf results show Cr is contributing to the green glass Fe is a major contributor for the amber type Interesting to note the possible constituents of plain glass? Fe is likely to very low and higher levels of compensating UV blocking agents in clear glass.

I have a unknown silvery white metal purchased many years ago About 1 cm wide. Can barely recall the possibilities May have been shipped in a sealed glass tube which I deliberately broke for xrf purposes . I handle it with care due to possible toxicity . Not magnetic with strong Nd magnet Xrf with 60 KV show peaks suggestive of Fe,Ni and Cr Not fitting with Dy Not crusty for a meteorite I believe it is Be? If it is Be,interesting to note tiny impurity metals can shine through this almost x-ray transparent metal

I have a collection of old jewelry and I decided to survey the gold pieces to see how easy it was to check the carat markings for validity. It actually was pretty easy to see the difference between 14K and 22K yellow gold based on the Cu and Au peaks. I also have a white gold that has Ni instead of copper. However, there is one ring that is marked 10K and when I XRFed it there does not appear to be any Au. Instead there is tantalum and zinc. I am guessing that the tantalum is to give it the heft of gold. It looks like a sorority ring or something like that. The fact that TaLa1 and ZnKa1 lines are so close makes it a little interesting. I know from experience though that when the skirts are blended the peaks tend to get pulled closer so they don't quite line up with the theoretical lines. In this case the TaLb and ZnKb lines are also overlapping so it makes for a somewhat fatter and taller combined peak. The TaLg1 peak helps confirm that we are indeed looking at Ta. Charles

For those interested in looking at using Spectragryph here’s a look at a working screen. The Type selection box can be set to XRF, Gamma , LIBS (Optical) with data base lookups for each , peak find and labeling. For you AmpTek guys it will read a .mca file. You can build your own data bases, process, analyze data , and make custom reports – very flexible and free. With enough requests he’ll add data input files and add acquisition control for spectrometers to the list. https://www.effemm2.de/spectragryph/ Dud KK7IF From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Dude Sent: Thursday, August 31, 2023 1:01 PM To: [email protected] Subject: [XRF-Page-2] fake gold From: dfemer [mailto:dfemer@...] Sent: Thursday, August 31, 2023 12:50 PM To: dfemer@... Subject: RE: [XRF-Page-2] fake gold Charles, I can put up some spectra of interest. I’m interested in your “calibrated” 14K, 18 K, 24K, gold shots. Can you take the ratio of the Au/Cu for each ROI and extrapolate that to an “unknown”? Does that ratio correspond to the actual % of each in it and can you use that for determining the caret of a sample? I also have a rock that I would like you to shoot if we could get together sometime. The Olympus DP4050 outputs an excel data and spectrum csv file while the mca file is a text file and as you can see they both have differences. What is important is the calibration, on the DP4050 its presented as a slope and intercept of a linear regression and in this case showing offset of -0.035102 and slope of 0.022355. Where Energy Y = ( Channel # X Slope) + Offset. The mca file only presents the calibration channel and value and leaves it up to the operator to do the linear regression. You can however get those numbers from the Analyze tab in the MCA program as it is either stored with the file or recalculated when its opened, I don’t know which. To move a DP4050 csv file I copy the excel file and enter a column that will hold the energy and then use the slope and intercept to calculate that for each channel. That energy and channel count is then copied to whatever program I want it in. Usually Spectragryph. MCA spectra file DP4050 csv spectra file A very nice program called Spectragryph does XRF, GammaSpec, and Optical spectroscopy with data base lookups and its free for the basic home lab. https://www.effemm2.de/spectragryph/ From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Charles David Young Sent: Wednesday, August 30, 2023 3:42 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Re: [XRF-Page-2] fake gold Dud, It would be great if you could share some of your results sometime, especially if they were recreating some of our experiments. Does your xray gun output mca files? Charles On Mon, Aug 28, 2023 at 9:42 AM Dude <dfemer@...> wrote: Geo, Brems can’t be produced without voltage so you’ll only see an occasional system noise hit that would put something there and it would be a flat break rather than continuing in the log-linear slope. If you look close there is a slight difference and increase in noise level at the 70 kV point but still maintains the linear slope, Very strange and I have no idea what would cause this but maybe something is being overdriven. I wonder what the cal check would have shown. Attached is the DP5 configuration I don’t have a manual so can you look over it and see if its set up correctly, especially for the pile up set up and the base line restoration settings.. Note that the PURS has a ?? Running 70kV is pretty high, I hope there is shielding and the scatter should be monitored with a proper instrument. Dud From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of George Dowell Sent: Monday, August 28, 2023 1:13 AM To: [email protected] Subject: Re: [XRF-Page-2] fake gold Dud, by what mechanism do Brems occur past the applied HV level? Or did I read that wrong ? Geo On Sun, Aug 27, 2023, 8:11 PM Dude <dfemer@...> wrote: Charles, There’s a whole lot of things wrong here. #1 You didn’t calibrate the MCA or a do cal check before acquiring data. You used the same cal that

I XRF a lot of monazites, which contain REEs like La Ce Pr Nd. With my xray I can detect both the lower energy L lines and the higher energy K lines of these elements. However, I noticed that sometimes the L lines really pop while other times they seem suppressed compared to comparable K lines. Today I scanned a specimen that seemed to have suppressed L lines. I noticed that I was scanning a rough side because it happened to be convenient. However, this specimen also has a shiny flat side so I scanned that as well. It can be seen that the shiny side allows the lower energy L lines to grow much taller. The rough side seems to scatter these lower energies more than the higher energies. In the photo the shiny side is lower left while the rough side is on the right. Charles

It’s something thin easily squeezed when empty but strong tensile strength when filled with pressurized liquid beer. This has something to do with the alloy nature of the can. There is a internal lining with lacquer and epoxy. This epoxy prevents acidic carbonated drinks from corroding the aluminum Easy way to check for lining is using a conductivity test with a multimeter The inside is not conductive compared to the outside of the can: In case of beer ,it is not really acidic but it prevents impurities in alloy like Fe diffusion into the beer and spoiling taste Here is an X-ray xrf of the body of the can. Another of the top with similar results Beers are usually 2 parts consisting of a body and top.Used to be 3 parts. Different alloys for both sections is reported. As a comparison ,I also did a industrial grade Al plate This plate is Mn free from a different alloy grade Both Al beer can scans are made of “Aluminum “,Mn,Cu with some traces of Fe Any other peaks are contamination including Sn from the apron /Pb shield. One can look at the bottom alloy grading at the can base Mine is 3xxxx meaning Mn etc Another experiment in future will be soaking an Al plate( without epoxy) into some beer and xrf the corrosive plate looking for elements or catalyst in beer like Cu etc Thanks