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Hi all,

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I've pushed out the latest update to my for R-U106. As well as the R-U106 basal clades, it now includes the migrations of R-Z18 and its sub-clades.

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The key geographical split of R-Z18 is between the Nordic countries (particularly Norway and Sweden) and the Alpine countries (particularly Switzerland and Slovakia). This geography is unique to R-Z18 among all R-U106 sub-clades. Looking at homogeneity and heterogeneity in individual R-Z18 sub-clades, I've deduced that R-Z18 did not begin in either of these extremes, but probably somewhere in the middle. I've assumed an origin and initial growth in the southern end of the Nordic Bronze Age and dated the subsequent migrations north and south to the rise of the Germanic peoples. That is not to say that all R-Z18 were Germanic, but that the majority seem to be. The Jastorf culture probably plays a significant role in the growth of R-Z18, but I've not been able to pin that role down precisely.

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See the document for full details and information about individual haplogroups. Much of it is necessarily either speculative or imprecise, as this is really getting as much as we can out of the data. Don't expect a lot of the detail to be accurate or unchanging in the future, and there may well be different explanations that I haven't thought of that fit the data better than the understanding I've been able to build up.

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This represents the last chunk I was able to get done over the Christmas holidays. I'm expecting the next chunk will take me some time.

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All the best,

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Iain.

Re., Slovakian testers - the evidence for exactly when these individual families arrived in Slovakia is very scarce. We simple don't have enough testers to make this clear in most cases. Some could be very recent, others much older. The clearest example is the specific case of , which shows at the very latest an arrival in Slovakia around 1000 years ago, but probably these Slovakian testers descend from a migration towards that general area that is much older.

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- Iain.