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Re: VK389 and Kincaid dna as evidence of Vikings on Clyde river, Scotland?

A321son
 

I agree that Skien certainly 'became' a commercial center.? However, as your article reference notes, until 1979 it was believed that it was not founded until the 1300s when it became a market town.? Since then archeology found that it's history did go back to the Viking age (800s) when it was a meeting place for farmers inland.

I don't see anything to suggest that Skien was of any significant size in terms of population in the 800s.? Some estimates have the total population of Norway as between 100,000 and 150,000 at the start of the Viking age.? A meeting place for farmers in rural Norway does not suggest it seeing a lot of travellers from other countries.? Norway was pretty isolated until they revolutionized their boats and Vikings became a dominant force.? The fact we know so little of Norway before the Viking age attests to that.? This would give 700 years of isolation (from 86 CE for R-S5245 clades) till a few years before 793 CE when Lindisfarne was attacked.? No doubt that the area rapidly expanded after that as Halfdan the Black and the kings of Dublin are said to have come Vestfold.? Wealth would have been now pouring into the area.
Re: VK389 and Kincaid dna as evidence of Vikings on Clyde river, Scotland?

 

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If so, there is a possible explanation supported by local history and an ancient DNA; namely VK389 from Skein, Telemark, Norway.? VK389 was a 10th century Viking of the above noted haplogroup R-Y8604.? Skein, Norway was very much an isolated place with a small population.? VK389's branch would have broken off from R-S5245 around the same time as Kincaids (86 CE) and logically it would have been in Norway.? Viking expansion could account for all the sub R-S5245 families in Germany, Netherlands, Ukraine, England, Ireland and Scotland

?

Makes sense.? But I think experts in Norwegian history would disagree with that Skien was “very much an isolated place with a small population”.? See

?

Skien is one of Norway's oldest cities, with an urban history dating back to the?, and received privileges as a??in 1358. From the 15th century, the city was governed by a 12-member council. Skien was historically a centre of?, timber exports, and early industrialization. It was one of Norway's two or three largest cities between the 16th and 19th centuries. It was also one of Norway's most internationally oriented cities, with extensive contact with its export markets in the?, the?, and?.?.. Until 1979, it was thought that Skien was founded in the 14th century.

?

However, the archaeological discovery of a carving of the??has established that its founding preceded 1000 A.D. The city was then a meeting place for inland farmers and marine traders, and also a centre for trading??from??(inland Telemark).??was founded in the 12th century. Skien was given formal??rights by the Norwegian crown in 1358.??has historically been the principal export from Skien, and in the sixteenth century the city became the Kingdom's leading port for shipping timber. The oldest remaining building is Gjerpen church (built in approximately 1150).

?

?

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of A321son via groups.io
Sent: Monday, March 4, 2024 8:46 AM
To: [email protected]
Subject: [R1b-U106] VK389 and Kincaid dna as evidence of Vikings on Clyde river, Scotland?

?

The Big Tree () has the R-U106 branch that my Kincaid are part of (R-A321) as being separated from its parent snp R-FGC12993 by 18 mutations or 1494 years (18x83 years per snp) which takes us back 2000 years since Kincaids only emerge in records in Scotland in 1425 CE.? Ftdna has R-A321 breaking off from R-FGC12993 about 311 CE and R-FGC12993 in turn breaking off from R-S5245 about 86 CE.? R-FGC12993's brother clades R-S5627 (Sinclair, Cummings, Hepner, Ruff, Rechel, Foote, Sutherland), R-Y8604 (Pavlovich, Pearce, Locke, Bledsoe, Wildey, Lassiter, Wookey, Sprouse/Prowse, Winzenburg, Knight, Stewart, and Prince), R-A7946 (Ward, Becker, Derkman), and R-BY190868 (Rosen, Carpenter) ftdna has all breaking off from R-S5245 at the same time - about 86 CE.

?

Sub R-FGC12993 we have R-F22233 (Coles, Carlill, Smith, Johnson, Parsons) breaking off from R-FGC12993 around 311 CE and R-FGC12988 (Phelps, Foisset-a n.p.e., Wheadon, Dean, Skinner, Frenckinck, and Schw?n) at the same time.? Notice that all these parallel branches have more than one surname associated with it.? Kincaids have no other surname associated with it and seem to have a 1400 year gap in its history.? The reason for this post is to get other thoughts on this gap and a possible explanation - in particular Dr. Iain McDonald's.

?

First of all, I assume that the gap and lack of other associated surnames suggest isolation.? Is this a valid assumption?

?

If indeed isolation I should point out that old local histories have pointed out that the part of Campsie parish in Stirlingshire, Scotland that the Kincaid lands (which all of R-A321 Kincaids took their name from) was considered off the beaten track.? These lands were held by the Earl of Lennox and his Lennox predecessors for 200 years before the Earl of Lennox was executed and forfeit for treason in 1424 CE.? This is the year before Kincaids emerge.? So either the Kincaids either emerged because they, as former vassals to the Earl of Lennox, now became tenants to the king or because the king granted them to the Kincaids (who lived elsewhere) some of the forfeited lands.? However, wouldn't the fact that there is no trace of them elsewhere dna wise negate the latter case?? Wouldn't isolation suggest more a case of being elevated in status due to the 1424 forfeiture of the earl of Lennox?

?

If so, there is a possible explanation supported by local history and an ancient DNA; namely VK389 from Skein, Telemark, Norway.? VK389 was a 10th century Viking of the above noted haplogroup R-Y8604.? Skein, Norway was very much an isolated place with a small population.? VK389's branch would have broken off from R-S5245 around the same time as Kincaids (86 CE) and logically it would have been in Norway.? Viking expansion could account for all the sub R-S5245 families in Germany, Netherlands, Ukraine, England, Ireland and Scotland.

?

Now the Kincaid lands are at the junction of the Glazert river and the Kelvin river about 7 miles upriver from the Kelvin river's mouth on the Clyde River opposite Govan.? Govan was the administrative center after nearby Dumbarton castle was captured from the British Alt Clut kings in 870 CE by Amlaíb a king of the Lochlan (Norway) and his apparent brother ?mar.? The Govan church is famous for its Viking hogbacks.? The historian Alfred Smyth identifies Amlaíb as Olaf Geirstad-Alf of Vestfold.? Vestfold is adjacent to Skein, Telemark and the later was probably subject to the Vestfold kings.? It is interesting to note that just after the siege of Dumbarton, Amlaíb had to return to Norway to aid his father.? There was a dynastic struggle there and Harald Fairhair emerged as king of all Norway - with Amlaíb and his father being slain during the process.? ?mar and his followers, like many other Norweigan chieftans who opposed Harald Fairhair at the time, had to make their way now in Scotland and Dublin - eventually being assimilated with the local populations.? The Kincaid patriarch, perhaps a chieftan supporter of Amlaíb and ?mar and whose ancestors were isolated in the remote Skein area of Norway for 700 years, would now start a new line in an isolated area up the Kelvin river.? This scenarion would have them barely survive there over the next 550 years.? It seems to me that the isolated dna of the Kincaids could actually give support to theory of the historian Alfred Smyth about Amlaíb given VK389.? Thoughts please (especially from Dr. McDonald who hails from the same area)!

?

P.S. Although a long time Kincaid researcher, it doesn't matter to me whether Kincaids were Viking, Scots, Franks, English or whatever.? I just want to know what the dna points to.

?
VK389 and Kincaid dna as evidence of Vikings on Clyde river, Scotland?

A321son
 

The Big Tree (https://www.ytree.net/DisplayTree.php?blockID=3047) has the R-U106 branch that my Kincaid are part of (R-A321) as being separated from its parent snp R-FGC12993 by 18 mutations or 1494 years (18x83 years per snp) which takes us back 2000 years since Kincaids only emerge in records in Scotland in 1425 CE.? Ftdna has R-A321 breaking off from R-FGC12993 about 311 CE and R-FGC12993 in turn breaking off from R-S5245 about 86 CE.? R-FGC12993's brother clades R-S5627 (Sinclair, Cummings, Hepner, Ruff, Rechel, Foote, Sutherland), R-Y8604 (Pavlovich, Pearce, Locke, Bledsoe, Wildey, Lassiter, Wookey, Sprouse/Prowse, Winzenburg, Knight, Stewart, and Prince), R-A7946 (Ward, Becker, Derkman), and R-BY190868 (Rosen, Carpenter) ftdna has all breaking off from R-S5245 at the same time - about 86 CE.
?
Sub R-FGC12993 we have R-F22233 (Coles, Carlill, Smith, Johnson, Parsons) breaking off from R-FGC12993 around 311 CE and R-FGC12988 (Phelps, Foisset-a n.p.e., Wheadon, Dean, Skinner, Frenckinck, and Schw?n) at the same time.? Notice that all these parallel branches have more than one surname associated with it.? Kincaids have no other surname associated with it and seem to have a 1400 year gap in its history.? The reason for this post is to get other thoughts on this gap and a possible explanation - in particular Dr. Iain McDonald's.
?
First of all, I assume that the gap and lack of other associated surnames suggest isolation.? Is this a valid assumption?
?
If indeed isolation I should point out that old local histories have pointed out that the part of Campsie parish in Stirlingshire, Scotland that the Kincaid lands (which all of R-A321 Kincaids took their name from) was considered off the beaten track.? These lands were held by the Earl of Lennox and his Lennox predecessors for 200 years before the Earl of Lennox was executed and forfeit for treason in 1424 CE.? This is the year before Kincaids emerge.? So either the Kincaids either emerged because they, as former vassals to the Earl of Lennox, now became tenants to the king or because the king granted them to the Kincaids (who lived elsewhere) some of the forfeited lands.? However, wouldn't the fact that there is no trace of them elsewhere dna wise negate the latter case?? Wouldn't isolation suggest more a case of being elevated in status due to the 1424 forfeiture of the earl of Lennox?
?
If so, there is a possible explanation supported by local history and an ancient DNA; namely VK389 from Skein, Telemark, Norway.? VK389 was a 10th century Viking of the above noted haplogroup R-Y8604.? Skein, Norway was very much an isolated place with a small population.? VK389's branch would have broken off from R-S5245 around the same time as Kincaids (86 CE) and logically it would have been in Norway.? Viking expansion could account for all the sub R-S5245 families in Germany, Netherlands, Ukraine, England, Ireland and Scotland.
?
Now the Kincaid lands are at the junction of the Glazert river and the Kelvin river about 7 miles upriver from the Kelvin river's mouth on the Clyde River opposite Govan.? Govan was the administrative center after nearby Dumbarton castle was captured from the British Alt Clut kings in 870 CE by Amlaíb a king of the Lochlan (Norway) and his apparent brother ?mar.? The Govan church is famous for its Viking hogbacks.? The historian Alfred Smyth identifies Amlaíb as Olaf Geirstad-Alf of Vestfold.? Vestfold is adjacent to Skein, Telemark and the later was probably subject to the Vestfold kings.? It is interesting to note that just after the siege of Dumbarton, Amlaíb had to return to Norway to aid his father.? There was a dynastic struggle there and Harald Fairhair emerged as king of all Norway - with Amlaíb and his father being slain during the process.? ?mar and his followers, like many other Norweigan chieftans who opposed Harald Fairhair at the time, had to make their way now in Scotland and Dublin - eventually being assimilated with the local populations.? The Kincaid patriarch, perhaps a chieftan supporter of Amlaíb and ?mar and whose ancestors were isolated in the remote Skein area of Norway for 700 years, would now start a new line in an isolated area up the Kelvin river.? This scenarion would have them barely survive there over the next 550 years.? It seems to me that the isolated dna of the Kincaids could actually give support to theory of the historian Alfred Smyth about Amlaíb given VK389.? Thoughts please (especially from Dr. McDonald who hails from the same area)!
?
P.S. Although a long time Kincaid researcher, it doesn't matter to me whether Kincaids were Viking, Scots, Franks, English or whatever.? I just want to know what the dna points to.
?
Re: Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 

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Hi All

?

I would agree with most of what Iain says here.

?

I am a big fan of Oxford Nanopore Technology – they have devoted so much time over the past dozen or more years to make all this long-read sequencing technology become viable. Their stated aim is to be able to sequence DNA or RNA on a desktop set-up anywhere – even in rural Africa – wherever this type of approach can be viable.

?

You gradually learn with science as applied to medicine that many if not most advances occur because new analytical or imaging technologies become available.

?

There are diseases where miscounting of these long repetitive sequences of DNA can seemingly give rise to some types of human disease.? The ones that have the best provenance that I am aware of are Huntington’s Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

?

I think the T2T consortium data only unlocks the remaining 11% of the human genome – but about 50+% of the Y chromosome specifically.

?

What remains to be tackled, as far as I am aware, is how is the Y-Chromosome is stored and packaged around specific histones and the role of chromatin in all that 3-D organisation.? Ultimately, this gets you into how the DNA is unwound and copied for real – and thus when do the mutations we are working off actually occur in the overall copying process.

?

-------------

?

I always love the videos produced by the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) in Australia, specifically the work of Drew Berry and his small team of graphic animation artists there from about 2003-2021 and beyond on many aspects of complex but fundamental cell biochemistry.

?

?

Instead of posting a link to the copying of the Y Chromosome – let me post one talking about X-Chromosome Inactivation and Epigenetics.

?

?

X inactivation is a vital process that occurs in all DNA-containing cells of the female body. It is also an important research model and tool for studying epigenetics.

?

Epigenetics refers to processes that tell our cells how, and when, to read the DNA blueprint. The epigenetic regulation of DNA is critical in both normal development and disease.

?

X inactivation is a type of gene dosage compensation. In humans, the sex chromosomes X and Y determine the sex of an individual – females have two X chromosomes (XX), males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). All of the genes on the Y chromosome are required in male development, while the genes on the X chromosome are needed for both male and female development. Because females receive two X chromosomes, they inherit two copies of many of the genes that are needed for normal function. Extra copies of genes or chromosomes can affect normal development. An example is Down’s syndrome, which is caused by an extra copy of part or all of chromosome 21. In female mammals, a process called X inactivation has evolved to compensate for the extra X chromosome. In X inactivation, each cell ‘switches off’ one of its X chromosomes, chosen at random, to ensure the correct number of genes are expressed, and to prevent abnormal development.

?

?

Trust this helps – and I must confess that some of this does get a bit difficult to understand if you do not have an organic chemistry background, in my experience. But the graphics are amazing.

?

Brian

?

From: [email protected] <[email protected]> On Behalf Of Iain via groups.io
Sent: Sunday, March 3, 2024 9:42 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: Re: [R1b-U106] Hg38 to T2T upgrate

?

Hi Kevin, all,

Brian or others might be able to correct my description of the technology but, as Bruce mentions, the T2T consortium has published the first complete sequence of the Y chromosome, unlocking the remaining 60% of our Y chromosomes that could not be sequenced until now. This is possible because of the longer chunks of DNA that these new technologies (HiFi, ultra-nanopore) can read.

Previous efforts (hg38, a.k.a. GRCh38) used shorter read technology, like the BigY itself, which cuts up the DNA into chunks of about 150 base pairs at a time. If you only have a small chunk, it's like only having small pieces in a jigsaw puzzle - you can't always be sure you are putting the jigsaw piece in the right part of the chromosome. Having a complete map of the chromosome from T2T is like being given the box the jigsaw came in: you can more clearly see what can go where, and where potential duplications might lie. This makes the mapping exercise of fitting the jigsaw pieces together a little simpler.

Aligning to T2T instead of hg38 therefore will let you correctly map more of your Y chromosome, but the differences aren't huge. They represent an extra few percent more on the size of the BigY test. Some SNPs can and have come out of this (the FTT series at FTDNA, including the FTT8 SNP that most of us have). You can pay the fee and have these SNPs tested in your own DNA for the sake of personal interest. However, the question remains what you do with these SNPs once you've discovered them. Unless the people around you upgrade, you have no idea whether they are positive or negative for most of these SNPs, so finding them becomes an increasingly academic exercise.

Some people will be happy to pay a small fee for these SNPs that (currently) have fairly limited use, some will not. The early adopters may encourage others to do so, or spur FTDNA to perform the realignment faster (they have already done some kits, hence the FTT SNPs). Most likely, the first tangible benefit that they'll see from this is that any new SNPs that may or may not be found will either remain private or become shared with others. In rare circumstances where SNPs are found and found to be shared where no other defining SNP occurs, this could lead to a new haplogroup at YFull, but would still take quite some time to end up in the Family Tree DNA system, Discover, etc. By that time, it's likely that FTDNA will have realigned more kits to the T2T reference anyway.

In the longer term, we're going to see more of this: more reference sequences that we could align to. The huge structural variations in the Y chromosome that appear to occur between different haplogroups could have a significant benefit if you align to a sequence close to your own haplogroup. For us, that would mean getting a T2T reference sequence within R-U106. That will likely happen eventually, and eventually we can hope that these tests become affordable for us consumers to get a T2T sequence of our own DNA. Until then, it's a gamble of what you get. Upgrading to a T2T alignment for �23 is a good way for YFull to make money - for consumers it's a long-odds gamble as to whether you'll get anything useful, but maybe that shouldn't stop some of us doing it for the curiosity or the fun.

Cheers,

Iain.
Re: Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 

开云体育

?
Iain is right on all accounts. Several in my group decided to play around with it.?

I can only see a benefit if a SNP splits a block somewhere or ties two or more ancestral ?blocks together. I believe FTDNA is doing this, as I am a beneficiary of FTT8, FTT32 and FTT33.?

?We have upgraded a test in at least one kit in each of the main branches of FGC11696 at Yfull. (This is FGC11674 at FTDNA) and it’s parent FGC11665.?

www.yfull.com/tree/R-FGC11696/

This has been a mix of Big Y and WGS tests that were upgraded. As such, there are several SNPs not in the coverage area of other tests that are somewhere between FGC11696/FGC11674 and S5520 or S264 that cannot be placed without further testing.?

In my own branch, FGC11677 there are a few new SNPs. This is me and my father.?

If one is interested in what they can get from such upgrades, you can go to the tree

And click the “info” tab> SNPs and look at the Y5xxxxx SNPs on the branches FGC11696, FGC11685, R-A5406 and FGC11677 branches. Each of these particular branches have had more than one upgrade.?

I should say we did all of this for “entertainment purposes”. That includes comparing WGS to Big Y and WGS between other providers.?

Robert McMillan

favicon1.ico

Re: Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 

Dante offers an alignment of results to T2T for $20.? ?

  • FASTQ data aligned to the T2T-CHM13 v2.0 assembly
  • T2T is the most complete reference genome
  • Receive BAM files and VCFs aligned to the T2T via download, with the possibility to access your data from anywhere?
Guess I will have to wipe the dust off of the other cousin genomes and get them refreshed with T2T alignments.? ?Note that I have an interest in non-Y genealogically relevant sequences.? The Y is just one item in the toolbox.? Specific copy number variants (CNV) should be quite useful.


- Wayne K.


On Sunday, March 3, 2024 at 04:42:11 PM EST, Iain via groups.io <gubbins@...> wrote:


Hi Kevin, all,

Brian or others might be able to correct my description of the technology but, as Bruce mentions, the T2T consortium has published the first complete sequence of the Y chromosome, unlocking the remaining 60% of our Y chromosomes that could not be sequenced until now. This is possible because of the longer chunks of DNA that these new technologies (HiFi, ultra-nanopone) can read.

Previous efforts (hg38, a.k.a. GRCh38) used shorter read technology, like the BigY itself, which cuts up the DNA into chunks of about 150 base pairs at a time. If you only have a small chunk, it's like only having small pieces in a jigsaw puzzle - you can't always be sure you are putting the jigsaw piece in the right part of the chromosome. Having a complete map of the chromosome from T2T is like being given the box the jigsaw came in: you can more clearly see what can go where, and where potential duplications might lie. This makes the mapping exercise of fitting the jigsaw pieces together a little simpler.

Aligning to T2T instead of hg38 therefore will let you correctly map more of your Y chromosome, but the differences aren't huge. They represent an extra few percent more on the size of the BigY test. Some SNPs can and have come out of this (the FTT series at FTDNA, including the FTT8 SNP that most of us have). You can pay the fee and have these SNPs tested in your own DNA for the sake of personal interest. However, the question remains what you do with these SNPs once you've discovered them. Unless the people around you upgrade, you have no idea whether they are positive or negative for most of these SNPs, so finding them becomes an increasingly academic exercise.

Some people will be happy to pay a small fee for these SNPs that (currently) have fairly limited use, some will not. The early adopters may encourage others to do so, or spur FTDNA to perform the realignment faster (they have already done some kits, hence the FTT SNPs). Most likely, the first tangible benefit that they'll see from this is that any new SNPs that may or may not be found will either remain private or become shared with others. In rare circumstances where SNPs are found and found to be shared where no other defining SNP occurs, this could lead to a new haplogroup at YFull, but would still take quite some time to end up in the Family Tree DNA system, Discover, etc. By that time, it's likely that FTDNA will have realigned more kits to the T2T reference anyway.

In the longer term, we're going to see more of this: more reference sequences that we could align to. The huge structural variations in the Y chromosome that appear to occur between different haplogroups could have a significant benefit if you align to a sequence close to your own haplogroup. For us, that would mean getting a T2T reference sequence within R-U106. That will likely happen eventually, and eventually we can hope that these tests become affordable for us consumers to get a T2T sequence of our own DNA. Until then, it's a gamble of what you get. Upgrading to a T2T alignment for �23 is a good way for YFull to make money - for consumers it's a long-odds gamble as to whether you'll get anything useful, but maybe that shouldn't stop some of us doing it for the curiosity or the fun.

Cheers,

Iain.

Re: Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 

Hi Kevin, all,

Brian or others might be able to correct my description of the technology but, as Bruce mentions, the T2T consortium has published the first complete sequence of the Y chromosome, unlocking the remaining 60% of our Y chromosomes that could not be sequenced until now. This is possible because of the longer chunks of DNA that these new technologies (HiFi, ultra-nanopone) can read.

Previous efforts (hg38, a.k.a. GRCh38) used shorter read technology, like the BigY itself, which cuts up the DNA into chunks of about 150 base pairs at a time. If you only have a small chunk, it's like only having small pieces in a jigsaw puzzle - you can't always be sure you are putting the jigsaw piece in the right part of the chromosome. Having a complete map of the chromosome from T2T is like being given the box the jigsaw came in: you can more clearly see what can go where, and where potential duplications might lie. This makes the mapping exercise of fitting the jigsaw pieces together a little simpler.

Aligning to T2T instead of hg38 therefore will let you correctly map more of your Y chromosome, but the differences aren't huge. They represent an extra few percent more on the size of the BigY test. Some SNPs can and have come out of this (the FTT series at FTDNA, including the FTT8 SNP that most of us have). You can pay the fee and have these SNPs tested in your own DNA for the sake of personal interest. However, the question remains what you do with these SNPs once you've discovered them. Unless the people around you upgrade, you have no idea whether they are positive or negative for most of these SNPs, so finding them becomes an increasingly academic exercise.

Some people will be happy to pay a small fee for these SNPs that (currently) have fairly limited use, some will not. The early adopters may encourage others to do so, or spur FTDNA to perform the realignment faster (they have already done some kits, hence the FTT SNPs). Most likely, the first tangible benefit that they'll see from this is that any new SNPs that may or may not be found will either remain private or become shared with others. In rare circumstances where SNPs are found and found to be shared where no other defining SNP occurs, this could lead to a new haplogroup at YFull, but would still take quite some time to end up in the Family Tree DNA system, Discover, etc. By that time, it's likely that FTDNA will have realigned more kits to the T2T reference anyway.

In the longer term, we're going to see more of this: more reference sequences that we could align to. The huge structural variations in the Y chromosome that appear to occur between different haplogroups could have a significant benefit if you align to a sequence close to your own haplogroup. For us, that would mean getting a T2T reference sequence within R-U106. That will likely happen eventually, and eventually we can hope that these tests become affordable for us consumers to get a T2T sequence of our own DNA. Until then, it's a gamble of what you get. Upgrading to a T2T alignment for �23 is a good way for YFull to make money - for consumers it's a long-odds gamble as to whether you'll get anything useful, but maybe that shouldn't stop some of us doing it for the curiosity or the fun.

Cheers,

Iain.

Re: Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 

Hi Kevin,

The hg38 genome, and earlier published human genomes, contained regions of DNA that were very difficult or impossible to sequence using short read "Next Generation" sequencers.? In short reads only the first 150 or so nucleotides are sequenced at either end of the DNA fragments.? I understand that the sequencing difficulty was caused by those parts of the human genome that are very repetitious.? The T2T reference genome, which was released in March 2022, used more recent "long read" sequencing technology to determine the nucleotide sequence for all regions of the genome, filling in all of the unsequenced gaps that existed in the hg38 genome.? Long read sequencers are able to recover sequences containing many thousands of nucleotides, but usually with a higher density of sequencing errors.

Will there be any great benefit to genetic genealogists to use realign their short read datasets against the gapless T2T genome?? I suspect that there would be relatively little benefit since the gaps that that are now covered in T2T probably didn't contain much useful information for genetic genealogy purposes.? But perhaps the T2T made corrections to other genealogically significant parts of the genome, sections that were not correctly sequenced in hg38, such as in the notoriously repetitious Y chromosome.? The upgrade cost of �23 is modest, and so I would encourage you to give it a try and then report on any interesting changes that you obtained.

Bruce


On Sun, Mar 3, 2024 at 8:14?AM Kevin Terry <kevintyrry@...> wrote:

[Edited Message Follows]
[Reason: Hg 38 to T2T upgrade!!]

YFull is? offering a Hg38 to T2T upgrade for �23. What is the benefit of doing this???
--
Kevin Terry

Hg38 to T2T upgrate

 
Edited

YFull is? offering a Hg38 to T2T upgrade for �23. What is the benefit of doing this???
--
Kevin Terry

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

 

I guess it's interesting that they impute political values into their findings. To suggest that social stratification resulted in the dissolution of an idyllic/utopian society without considering other possible triggers seems weak. For instance, climate change, new technology or disease transmission could have been equal if not primary causes themselves. The article demonstrates the novel use of the Gini coefficient to describe social relations in prehistoric cultures without applying this measure to other sites among other cultures in different parts of the world. As a trained economist I find it difficult to accept the premise that any prehistoric society was inherently egalitarian based upon romantic notions of hunter-gatherer societies. Resources have always been limited and scarcity only changes with technology improvements - at least from what we know throughout the historical record.?

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

Piero Sinclair
 

?


On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 21:45 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:
“Population” not “popover” ?

Sorry!

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 4:43?PM, Dan D. <dan_draggon@...> wrote:

? Apparently they looked at the houses and inventory found in them. But we’ll never know for sure. In a sedentary popover it makes sense to have less inequality compared to horse raiders and those that move to greener pastures (and spoils).

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 3:39?PM, Piero Sinclair <pierosinclair@...> wrote:

?
Hope this is correct, would be good to know.

On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 19:18 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:
Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

Piero Sinclair
 

Cheers


On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 21:43 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:
Apparently they looked at the houses and inventory found in them. But we’ll never know for sure. In a sedentary popover it makes sense to have less inequality compared to horse raiders and those that move to greener pastures (and spoils).

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 3:39?PM, Piero Sinclair <pierosinclair@...> wrote:

?
Hope this is correct, would be good to know.

On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 19:18 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:
Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

 

开云体育

“Population” not “popover” ?

Sorry!

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 4:43?PM, Dan D. <dan_draggon@...> wrote:

? Apparently they looked at the houses and inventory found in them. But we’ll never know for sure. In a sedentary popover it makes sense to have less inequality compared to horse raiders and those that move to greener pastures (and spoils).

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 3:39?PM, Piero Sinclair <pierosinclair@...> wrote:

?
Hope this is correct, would be good to know.

On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 19:18 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:

Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

 

开云体育

Apparently they looked at the houses and inventory found in them. But we’ll never know for sure. In a sedentary popover it makes sense to have less inequality compared to horse raiders and those that move to greener pastures (and spoils).

Dan

On Mar 2, 2024, at 3:39?PM, Piero Sinclair <pierosinclair@...> wrote:

?
Hope this is correct, would be good to know.

On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 19:18 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:

Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

Re: To FTDNA Experts

 

On Wed, Feb 28, 2024 at 12:27 AM, Brian Swann wrote:
Start with the Molecular Biology of the Cell, 7th Edition, 2022
Publisher's portal at https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393884821
?
--
Best regards,

Vince T.

Re: IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

Piero Sinclair
 

Hope this is correct, would be good to know.


On Sat, 2 Mar 2024, 19:18 Dan D., <dan_draggon@...> wrote:
Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

IFLSCIENCE: The World’s First Cities May Have Been Free Of Social Inequality

 

开云体育

Prehistoric humans may have created a utopia.

Read in IFLScience:


Dan D.

Re: Migrations

Piero Sinclair
 

Yes Roy, still taking a interest in the history, whilst the technicalities of DNA analysis is beginning to pass me by!?
Cheers
Peter

On Thu, 29 Feb 2024, 13:40 Roy, <apeiron@...> wrote:
Piero, I see you have stumbled upon my article on migrations. I hope
it's not too out of date by now.

Cheers, Roy






Re: Another 4 years and Charles gets 1 more candle

 

开云体育

May you have many more celebrations of this momentous occasion!

Ruth

On Feb 29, 2024, at 08:31, Ernest K Johnson <gaelstar@...> wrote:

?
Happy Birthday Charles.

Re: Another 4 years and Charles gets 1 more candle

 

Happy birthday, Charles!


On Thu, Feb 29, 2024 at 7:22?AM Charles via <cdmo29=[email protected]> wrote:
However, I can now finally legally vote!
Charles

On Feb 29, 2024, at 5:59?AM, Wayne via <dna_wayne=[email protected]> wrote:

?
Yes, folks another 4 years has passed and Charles can officially add one more candle to his birthday cake.? Since, by this counting, he is still a teenager he does not have to call the fire department when he lights the candles on his cake.

Nulls rule

Wayne K.

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