Re: Learning while on vacation
Don’t know which of us you are responding to but the difference between Teensy 4.1 and an FPGA processing is not latency.? It is abrupt interruption of processing and odd consequences of what happens in between like pops/ anomalies on the screen/ etc.? ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Jim Strohm Sent: Friday, September 22, 2023 2:34 PM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] Learning while on vacation ? Hmm, latency in radio comms. Just for grins, I chose my home QTH and the first?place I could think of in Australia, which was Adelaide, ?Turns out that the distance is about 9,184 miles as the 747 flies. Ignoring ionospheric bounces, that distance takes 186,000 mi/ sec / 9,178 miles, or about 1/20 sec flight time, as an electron flies. ? The last hard engineering shop I worked in that let me hang out in the lab with the engineers had a standing joke about 0.0083 sec, the time of 1/4 a 60 Hz cycle -- or the rise time from 0V to maximum V. Tell me, can anybody here detect the difference in 1/4 a 60 Hz cycle, the flight time from USA to Australia, or the time to service an interrupt on a microcontroller?? A Teensy 4.1 has a 600MHz ARM controller -- I don't know how that speed is divided down for internal clocking and routine service like interrupt management, but I'll bet you that none of us here can count any of those three time intervals. At least the electron to Australia will send?a QSL card.
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Re: Learning while on vacation
Here in the USA our ARRL is fighting the proposed use of HF for "high frequency trading".? Wall Street stock traders on HF!
I suppose wireless is the minimal latency that is physically possible.? That is why they are going after HF.
73 Greg KF5N
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Re: Learning while on vacation
Hmm, latency in radio comms.
Just for grins, I chose my home QTH and the first?place I could think of in Australia, which was Adelaide, ?Turns out that the distance is about 9,184 miles as the 747 flies.
Ignoring ionospheric bounces, that distance takes 186,000 mi/ sec / 9,178 miles, or about 1/20 sec flight time, as an electron flies. ?
Or 0.05 sec.
The last hard engineering shop I worked in that let me hang out in the lab with the engineers had a standing joke about 0.0083 sec, the time of 1/4 a 60 Hz cycle -- or the rise time from 0V to maximum V.
Tell me, can anybody here detect the difference in 1/4 a 60 Hz cycle, the flight time from USA to Australia, or the time to service an interrupt on a microcontroller?? A Teensy 4.1 has a 600MHz ARM controller -- I don't know how that speed is divided down for internal clocking and routine service like interrupt management, but I'll bet you that none of us here can count any of those three time intervals.
At least the electron to Australia will send?a QSL card.
73 Jim N6OTQ
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Re: Learning while on vacation
Flex uses fpga for all the processing
On Fri, Sep 22, 2023 at 2:01?PM John Melton via <john.d.melton= [email protected]> wrote:
I think you will have problems implementing the DSP functions in
the FPGA.? It is fairly easy to get samples from an A-D or D-A and
do some processing on it to implement a DDC or DUC, but to do any
more requires complex mathematics which would have to be
implemented on the FPGA using some code to implement a CPU that
has floating point.
I may be wrong but most of the FPGA based SDR radios just
implement the DDC? and DUC in the FPGA and leave the rest to a CPU
(ARM or Intel) using either a USB or Ethernet interface to
send/receive the I/Q data.
-- John G0ORX
On 22/09/2023 19:44, K9HZ wrote:
What you say
works for regular processors, even with multiple cores.? Not
for FPGAs.? They always have many thread-equivalent tasks
running independent of the rest. They CAN communicate if you
want them to but its not necessary… and the type of
communication is akin to using shared memory so that the
individual tasks so they don’t wait on each other.
?
Once I am
proficient in programming my FPGA kit, I will build the
equivalent of the QSE, QSD, the DSP functions, and all the
“other stuff” into my FPGA as separate and independent
tasks.? Nothing will be interrupt driven.? That is
drastically different from Arduino or RPi processing.
?
?
Dr.
William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ
VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ
?
Owner
- Operator
Big
Signal Ranch – K9ZC
Staunton,
Illinois
?
Owner
– Operator
Villa
Grand Piton – J68HZ
Soufriere,
St. Lucia W.I.
Rent
it:
?
Moderator:
North American QRO Group at Groups.IO.
Moderator:
Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO.
?
email:?
bill@...
?
?
?
On Fri, Sep 8, 2023 at 06:35 PM, K9HZ
wrote:
[T]he Teensy is a device that
executes code tasks serially… meaning NOT with parallel
functions… and it must be interrupted to generate I/O.
?
Interrupts, no matter how fast
the processor is, cause chaos with radio functions.? Makes
audio discontinuous.? Makes screen updates discontinuous.
For code, it makes perfect sense.? For continuous
processes like streaming audio, or a demodulator…. It’s
bad.
Late to the discussion, but.. those are
dangerous words. :-) The primary rule of real-time programming
is that software must never cause a task to miss its timing
deadline. The corollary is that when real-time software in a
device meets all its deadlines, a person perceives that the
device is running continuously. Yes, interrupts can cause
problems, but good design techniques have created plenty of
real-time applications, for instance your car's engine
controller, where the timing never fails.
Now, the T41-EP software has kludged together "soft" real-time
operation on a platform not designed for it, Arduino.
Uncertain timing for interrupts and DSP functions is probably
one reason why the T41, like the Convolution SDR it's based
on, uses direct memory access (DMA) to buffer several
milliseconds of each IQ and audio channel to get around timing
issues. The price of this is transmitter and receiver latency.
I'd guess all SDR transceivers suffer many milliseconds of
signal latency. (See, for instance the September 2023 QEX.)
73,
Wes Plouff AC8JF
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
I think you will have problems implementing the DSP functions in
the FPGA.? It is fairly easy to get samples from an A-D or D-A and
do some processing on it to implement a DDC or DUC, but to do any
more requires complex mathematics which would have to be
implemented on the FPGA using some code to implement a CPU that
has floating point.
I may be wrong but most of the FPGA based SDR radios just
implement the DDC? and DUC in the FPGA and leave the rest to a CPU
(ARM or Intel) using either a USB or Ethernet interface to
send/receive the I/Q data.
-- John G0ORX
On 22/09/2023 19:44, K9HZ wrote:
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Show quoted text
What you say
works for regular processors, even with multiple cores.? Not
for FPGAs.? They always have many thread-equivalent tasks
running independent of the rest. They CAN communicate if you
want them to but its not necessary… and the type of
communication is akin to using shared memory so that the
individual tasks so they don’t wait on each other.
?
Once I am
proficient in programming my FPGA kit, I will build the
equivalent of the QSE, QSD, the DSP functions, and all the
“other stuff” into my FPGA as separate and independent
tasks.? Nothing will be interrupt driven.? That is
drastically different from Arduino or RPi processing.
?
?
Dr.
William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ
VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ
?
Owner
- Operator
Big
Signal Ranch – K9ZC
Staunton,
Illinois
?
Owner
– Operator
Villa
Grand Piton – J68HZ
Soufriere,
St. Lucia W.I.
Rent
it:
?
Moderator:
North American QRO Group at Groups.IO.
Moderator:
Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO.
?
email:?
bill@...
?
?
?
On Fri, Sep 8, 2023 at 06:35 PM, K9HZ
wrote:
[T]he Teensy is a device that
executes code tasks serially… meaning NOT with parallel
functions… and it must be interrupted to generate I/O.
?
Interrupts, no matter how fast
the processor is, cause chaos with radio functions.? Makes
audio discontinuous.? Makes screen updates discontinuous.
For code, it makes perfect sense.? For continuous
processes like streaming audio, or a demodulator…. It’s
bad.
Late to the discussion, but.. those are
dangerous words. :-) The primary rule of real-time programming
is that software must never cause a task to miss its timing
deadline. The corollary is that when real-time software in a
device meets all its deadlines, a person perceives that the
device is running continuously. Yes, interrupts can cause
problems, but good design techniques have created plenty of
real-time applications, for instance your car's engine
controller, where the timing never fails.
Now, the T41-EP software has kludged together "soft" real-time
operation on a platform not designed for it, Arduino.
Uncertain timing for interrupts and DSP functions is probably
one reason why the T41, like the Convolution SDR it's based
on, uses direct memory access (DMA) to buffer several
milliseconds of each IQ and audio channel to get around timing
issues. The price of this is transmitter and receiver latency.
I'd guess all SDR transceivers suffer many milliseconds of
signal latency. (See, for instance the September 2023 QEX.)
73,
Wes Plouff AC8JF
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
What you say works for regular processors, even with multiple cores.? Not for FPGAs.? They always have many thread-equivalent tasks running independent of the rest. They CAN communicate if you want them to but its not necessary… and the type of communication is akin to using shared memory so that the individual tasks so they don’t wait on each other. ? Once I am proficient in programming my FPGA kit, I will build the equivalent of the QSE, QSD, the DSP functions, and all the “other stuff” into my FPGA as separate and independent tasks.? Nothing will be interrupt driven.? That is drastically different from Arduino or RPi processing. ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Wes Plouff Sent: Friday, September 22, 2023 12:37 PM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] Learning while on vacation ? On Fri, Sep 8, 2023 at 06:35 PM, K9HZ wrote: [T]he Teensy is a device that executes code tasks serially… meaning NOT with parallel functions… and it must be interrupted to generate I/O. ? Interrupts, no matter how fast the processor is, cause chaos with radio functions.? Makes audio discontinuous.? Makes screen updates discontinuous. For code, it makes perfect sense.? For continuous processes like streaming audio, or a demodulator…. It’s bad.
Late to the discussion, but.. those are dangerous words. :-) The primary rule of real-time programming is that software must never cause a task to miss its timing deadline. The corollary is that when real-time software in a device meets all its deadlines, a person perceives that the device is running continuously. Yes, interrupts can cause problems, but good design techniques have created plenty of real-time applications, for instance your car's engine controller, where the timing never fails.
Now, the T41-EP software has kludged together "soft" real-time operation on a platform not designed for it, Arduino. Uncertain timing for interrupts and DSP functions is probably one reason why the T41, like the Convolution SDR it's based on, uses direct memory access (DMA) to buffer several milliseconds of each IQ and audio channel to get around timing issues. The price of this is transmitter and receiver latency. I'd guess all SDR transceivers suffer many milliseconds of signal latency. (See, for instance the September 2023 QEX.)
73,
Wes Plouff AC8JF
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
Wes:
You're right that all SDR's suffer some degree of latency. The real question is: "How much?" Using the Teensy 4.1 is nowhere near the performance of an SDR based on the Intel I9 processor. However, the latency of the T41 is probably well within the noticeable limits of most users and is likely much better than those SDRs based on the AT328 or some of the STM32 family of processors.
Jack, W8TEE
On Friday, September 22, 2023 at 01:37:15 PM EDT, Wes Plouff <ac8jf@...> wrote:
On Fri, Sep 8, 2023 at 06:35 PM, K9HZ wrote:
[T]he Teensy is a device that executes code tasks serially… meaning NOT with parallel functions… and it must be interrupted to generate I/O.
?
Interrupts, no matter how fast the processor is, cause chaos with radio functions.? Makes audio discontinuous.? Makes screen updates discontinuous. For code, it makes perfect sense.? For continuous processes like streaming audio, or a demodulator…. It’s bad.
Late to the discussion, but.. those are dangerous words. :-) The primary rule of real-time programming is that software must never cause a task to miss its timing deadline. The corollary is that when real-time software in a device meets all its deadlines, a person perceives that the device is running continuously. Yes, interrupts can cause problems, but good design techniques have created plenty of real-time applications, for instance your car's engine controller, where the timing never fails. Now, the T41-EP software has kludged together "soft" real-time operation on a platform not designed for it, Arduino. Uncertain timing for interrupts and DSP functions is probably one reason why the T41, like the Convolution SDR it's based on, uses direct memory access (DMA) to buffer several milliseconds of each IQ and audio channel to get around timing issues. The price of this is transmitter and receiver latency. I'd guess all SDR transceivers suffer many milliseconds of signal latency. (See, for instance the September 2023 QEX.) 73, Wes Plouff AC8JF
-- Jack, W8TEE
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
On Fri, Sep 8, 2023 at 06:35 PM, K9HZ wrote:
[T]he Teensy is a device that executes code tasks serially… meaning NOT with parallel functions… and it must be interrupted to generate I/O.
?
Interrupts, no matter how fast the processor is, cause chaos with radio functions.? Makes audio discontinuous.? Makes screen updates discontinuous. For code, it makes perfect sense.? For continuous processes like streaming audio, or a demodulator…. It’s bad.
Late to the discussion, but.. those are dangerous words. :-) The primary rule of real-time programming is that software must never cause a task to miss its timing deadline. The corollary is that when real-time software in a device meets all its deadlines, a person perceives that the device is running continuously. Yes, interrupts can cause problems, but good design techniques have created plenty of real-time applications, for instance your car's engine controller, where the timing never fails. Now, the T41-EP software has kludged together "soft" real-time operation on a platform not designed for it, Arduino. Uncertain timing for interrupts and DSP functions is probably one reason why the T41, like the Convolution SDR it's based on, uses direct memory access (DMA) to buffer several milliseconds of each IQ and audio channel to get around timing issues. The price of this is transmitter and receiver latency. I'd guess all SDR transceivers suffer many milliseconds of signal latency. (See, for instance the September 2023 QEX.) 73, Wes Plouff AC8JF
|
Re: [SoftwareControlledHamRadio] Kits and boards to resume
Hi Bruce… Thanks for the note.? I’m just back from three weeks in the Caribbean at my contest station and teaching classes for the fall semester now (at least for the next few weeks).? I’m back to working on the T41 project in my spare time again and here is what I can tell you: ? - The T41 beta boards have been out for about 6 weeks and the beta builders are now finishing their radios and giving us (Jack, Al, Me, Greg, etc.) feedback to help get all of the bugs out of the hardware and software before the final sets of V012 boards are made and shipped.? I have a list of about 400 people that want them so far.
- R6 and R7.? Well, if it were me… I would opt for the values that can be used with the 100W module.? Of course you can always change them.
- The 100W module is in beta test right now.? A few people have them.? The 20W module drives them.? Once I get all of the feedback back from the beta testers… I will make any changes needed and get the production boards made.? I have a list of about 700 people that want these.? Cost will be less than $100 and that will be most if not all of the parts to build it.
- Front panel boards are $3.50 US plus shipping.? There are also encoder boards that are a generic way to connect any encoder to a project and in this case to the front panel boards… they are 4 for $1 plus shipping.
- Yes there are other boards that work with the T41 and with most other radios… there is LPF, BPF, Attenuator boards.? There will be others.? My goal is to develop and sell boards and kits at my cost (using my rather large commercial buying power… it can get very cheap) for hams all over the world.? You can find info my kits and boards in the FILES SECTION of both the AmateurRadioBuilders forum and the SoftwareControlledHamRadio forum.
- All of my boards either ARE the T41 boards for construction… or are add-on kits to make the radio better in some way. ?
? ? ? ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Bruce VA3BKI Sent: Thursday, September 21, 2023 6:43 PM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] [SoftwareControlledHamRadio] Kits and boards to resume ? K9HZ:
I am very new to this so I may just not where to look.
I am waiting for new boards for v1.2 (latest now in beta). I bought your 20W rf amplifier and am currently assembling it. I bought thru Wayde in Canada.
I am at point to decide what values to use for R6 and R7.
My questions are:
1. Is 100W amp available and price?
2. your front panel board sounds useful. How much and availability.
3. Other boards?
4. How does it tie in/replace boards in T41-EP by Al and Jack
I am sure there is info available but without key words hard to find in groups.io
73,
Bruce VA3BKI
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Re: [SoftwareControlledHamRadio] Kits and boards to resume
K9HZ:
I am very new to this so I may just not where to look.
I am waiting for new boards for v1.2 (latest now in beta). I bought your 20W rf amplifier and am currently assembling it. I bought thru Wayde in Canada.
I am at point to decide what values to use for R6 and R7.
My questions are:
1. Is 100W amp available and price?
2. your front panel board sounds useful. How much and availability.
3. Other boards?
4. How does it tie in/replace boards in T41-EP by Al and Jack
I am sure there is info available but without key words hard to find in groups.io
73,
Bruce VA3BKI
|
Its moving along.? I just returned home from 3 weeks at my contest station in the Caribbean where my wife had me replacing the wood floors in our villas… so glad to be home working on my own projects again… ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of n3fel@... via groups.io Sent: Thursday, September 21, 2023 12:55 PM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] LPF/TR board V1.00 ? Bill, good afternoon.? I haven't heard from the stream lately regarding progress on this board development.? Is the development complete or at a convenient pause?? ?If the latter, what's left to do?? Please advise.? Howard, n3fel
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Bill, good afternoon.? I haven't heard from the stream lately regarding progress on this board development.? Is the development complete or at a convenient pause?? ?If the latter, what's left to do?? Please advise.? Howard, n3fel
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Re: Learning while on vacation
Depends how basic you want to start.? I use National Instruments Multisim and Elvis platform to do prototyping and enhance my learnings as I'm not an EE.? There is a reasonable starter FPGA starter board that interfaces or as stand from Digilent:
Jerry NY2KW
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Re: Learning while on vacation
Bemicro used to have a nice development board with an Altera FPGA that was a reasonable price. I have one that is part of an iquadlabs SDR transceiver. Unfortunately I don't think they are available any more. They were sold by Arrow.
-- John G0ORX?
On Tue, 19 Sept 2023, 17:24 K9HZ, < bill@...> wrote: Seemed simple enough.? Using the DE1-SoC board.? It has a processor so that was probably a mistake… maybe will pick up one with just the FPGA on it.? Quartus works fine on my machine. ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ? ? The videos which show how to use Quartus are the best bang-for-the-buck.? Quartus is what I call a "big tool".? It takes some serious work to come up to speed.
The versions I used, now a few years old, were solid.? I was installing them in virtual instances of Linux which were running in Ubuntu.? It's why I recommend
installing the tools before purchasing the FPGA board.? It can be a significant hurdle just to get the tool chain installed.? Hopefully they are making it easier.
73 Greg KF5N
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
Seemed simple enough.? Using the DE1-SoC board.? It has a processor so that was probably a mistake… maybe will pick up one with just the FPGA on it.? Quartus works fine on my machine. ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Greg KF5N Sent: Tuesday, September 19, 2023 10:00 AM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] Learning while on vacation ? The videos which show how to use Quartus are the best bang-for-the-buck.? Quartus is what I call a "big tool".? It takes some serious work to come up to speed.
The versions I used, now a few years old, were solid.? I was installing them in virtual instances of Linux which were running in Ubuntu.? It's why I recommend
installing the tools before purchasing the FPGA board.? It can be a significant hurdle just to get the tool chain installed.? Hopefully they are making it easier.
73 Greg KF5N
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
The videos which show how to use Quartus are the best bang-for-the-buck.? Quartus is what I call a "big tool".? It takes some serious work to come up to speed.
The versions I used, now a few years old, were solid.? I was installing them in virtual instances of Linux which were running in Ubuntu.? It's why I recommend
installing the tools before purchasing the FPGA board.? It can be a significant hurdle just to get the tool chain installed.? Hopefully they are making it easier.
73 Greg KF5N
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
Yeah I bought the book.? It’s a V2.1.?? And the Intel videos and classes are very good even though they are free and somewhat sales meeting. ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Greg KF5N Sent: Tuesday, September 19, 2023 9:37 AM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] Learning while on vacation ? Watch the Intel/Altera videos, and get this book:
This book costs $20, but it is worth a bunch more.? Large book, huge bargain!
73 Greg KF5N
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
Watch the Intel/Altera videos, and get this book:
This book costs $20, but it is worth a bunch more.? Large book, huge bargain!
73 Greg KF5N
|
Re: Learning while on vacation
Greg’s talk was very good… and I found out that I was on a parallel path of sorts.? I bought a FPGA board kit (the DE1-SoC) brand new off some guy for $50 and am now learning to program the thing taking classes from Intel’s free university. ? ? Dr. William J. Schmidt - K9HZ J68HZ 8P6HK ZF2HZ PJ4/K9HZ VP5/K9HZ PJ2/K9HZ VP2EHZ ? Owner - Operator Big Signal Ranch – K9ZC Staunton, Illinois ? Owner – Operator Villa Grand Piton – J68HZ Soufriere, St. Lucia W.I. Rent it: ? Moderator: North American QRO Group at Groups.IO. Moderator: Amateur Radio Builders Group at Groups.IO. ? email:? bill@... ? ?
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From: [email protected] < [email protected]> On Behalf Of Doug W Sent: Friday, September 8, 2023 8:40 AM To: [email protected]Subject: Re: [AmateurRadioBuilders] Learning while on vacation ? The best intro to FPGA's I have come across is from our very own KF5N?Greg explains things in a way that makes them easy to understand.
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Thanks all,
this solves my problem several good sources.
Clarence,NT7V
|
K9HZ
Jack, W8TEE
