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June 2 in RR History
June 2, 1861 Confederate troops destroy the Baltimore & Ohio's Opequon Bridge by setting fire to over 50 loaded coal cars standing on it. The wreckage will burn for two months. ? June 2, 1873 Construction begins on San Francisco's first cable car line, Clay St. ? June 2, 1881 The Owasco River Railway, owned by the International Harvester Company, is chartered. Later the switching line in Auburn, NY will be jointly owned by the New York Central and Lehigh Valley. ? June 2, 1897 The Burlington's "Limited", hailed by George M. Pullman and several contemporary accounts as "The finest train ever" is put into service. ? June 2, 1913 The U.S. Department of Labor settles a strike by Railroad Clerks, the first use of Federal Mediation. ? June 2, 1903 The Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville Railroad (later C&O) completes its first section of track in Indiana from the Ohio State line to Cottage Grove. ? June 2, 1923 The New York State Legislature passes the Kauffman Act, outlawing the use of steam locomotives in parts of New York City after January 1, 1926. ? June 2, 1929 The Erie Railroad inaugurates the "Erie Limited" between Jersey City and Chicago, scheduled at an even 25 hours. ? June 2, 1929 Streetcars in Massillon OH end service. ? June 2, 1934 The last car of the last interurban to operate in Michigan, the Southern Michigan Railway running from South Bend through Niles to St. Joseph, arrives in St. Joseph at 12:10 am. ? June 2, 1934 The Northern Indiana quits interurban operations as Train 71 arrives in Michigan City at 12:30 am. Streetcar service ends in Elkhart IN. ? June 2, 1935 The "Detroit Arrow" (jointly operated by the Pennsylvania and Wabash) and "Twilight Limited" (New York Central) have their Chicago-Detroit times cut to 5 hours. ? June 2, 1965 Governor Rockefeller signs a bill creating the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority, serving New York City's metropolitan area. The state of New York also reaches an agreement with the Pennsylvania Railroad to buy the Long Island. ? June 2, 1995 Last day of operation of Z-1-a, Z-4-a, and Z-5-a electric locomotives, EP-59a and EP-69a electric multiple units, and Canadian Flyer coaches on the Montreal -Deux-Montagnes line. Locomotives Z-1-a 6710 and 6711, built for Canadian Northern in 1914, powers the last train. Locomotive 6711 had also powered the very first revenue train on this line. ? June 2, 1997 Conrail agrees to a merger with CSX Transportation. CSX Transportation promptly enters into an agreement with Norfolk Southern to divide Conrail's assets between them according to the split NS and CSX agreed to in April (pending approval of the Surface Transportation Board). ? June 2, 2010 A bank robber in San Jose CA uses a light rail train for a getaway. The police are waiting for him as he arrives at the next station. ? |
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June 1 in RR HIstory
June 1, 1839 The Baltimore & Ohio opens a new main line alignment, eliminating the inclined planes at Parrs Spring Ridge. ? June 1, 1866 The Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad (later PRR) is incorporated by merging the Indianapolis & Madison Railroad Company and the Jeffersonville Railroad. The merger is made retroactive to May 1. ? June 1, 1867 The Great Western Railway of Canada begins direct interchange of cars with the Michigan Central Railroad at Detroit. ? June 1, 1871 The Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad agrees to operate the Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Railroad for 99 years from date of its completion. ? June 1, 1874 The Pennsylvania Railroad begins running the "Day Express" eastbound from Pittsburgh to Jersey City in only in 13 hours and 45 minutes. The train runs up to 132 miles non-stop by using a new means of taking on water: track pans. The pans are located near Monmouth Junction, Leaman Place, at some point on the Middle Division and near Johnstown. ? June 1, 1875 A groundbreaking ceremony for the Canadian Pacific Railway is held on the left bank of the Kamistiquia River in the townsite of Fort William about four miles from the river's mouth. ? June 1, 1876 A theatrical troupe charters a three-car train for a record setting cross-country trip. The top speed is 72 mph, and the total time is 84 hours and 17 minutes, roughly half the time of a regular train. ? June 1, 1881 Detroit, Butler & St. Louis RR (later Wabash) is completed from Montpelier, OH to Detroit, offering a direct route to St. Louis and Kansas City. ? June 1, 1882 The first Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland opens. One hundred ninety-nine miners died during the construction of the 9.3-mile long tunnel; the world's longest until 1906. ? June 1, 1886 The Norfolk & Western converts from 5 foot to standard gauge in a single day. ? June 1, 1889 For the first time, the Orient Express makes all overland portions of its trip by rail. ? June 1, 1892 Great Northern's main line reaches Spokane WA. ? June 1, 1903 The Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway grants trackage rights to the Keokuk & Western Illinois Electric Company between Warsaw IL and the Keokuk & Hamilton bridge. The K&WIEC installs trolley poles and will operate interurban service between Warsaw and Hamilton until 1928. ? June 1, 1904 The Wabash Railroad reaches Pittsburgh. ? June 1, 1905 The Detroit, Toledo & Ironton first gains control of the Ann Arbor Railroad. ? June 1, 1906 Excavations begin for the Penn Station building, Manhattan. ? June 1, 1908 The Pennsylvania Railroad issues new rules that allow uniform employees to unbutton their coats in summertime. ? June 1, 1910 The deadline for the start of Long Island Railroad service into Penn Station passes. The service has been delayed by snags in the delivery of MP54 steel MU Cars to the Long Island. ? June 1, 1913 The Vandalia Railroad, thanks to improvements at Butler IN and securing rights over the Wabash between Butler and Toledo, begins additional freight and passenger service St. Louis to Toledo and Chicago to Toledo. ? June 1, 1914 Clearing Yard in Chicago, owned by the Belt Railway of Chicago opens for business. ? June 1, 1915 Pennsylvania Railroad's Lines East creates the General Divisions Baseball League for its employees. Other company sports include basketball and Track & Field. ? June 1, 1919 First run of Canadian Pacific's summer-only "Trans-Canada Limited", Montreal to Vancouver. ? June 1, 1923 In part to keep passengers entertained on cross-country trips, Canadian National announces the formation of its Radio Department. The Radio Department will eventually become the CBC Radio and Television network. ? June 1, 1925 Henry Ford begins trial runs on the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton with two D-D+D-D electric locomotives. Ford has plans (never realized) to extend his electrification project to a connection with the Virginian Railway. ? June 1, 1925 Ft. Wayne Union Railway opens. ? June 1, 1929 Interurban operations in Kalamazoo County cease as the last car runs between Kalamazoo and Battle Creek. ? June 1, 1932 The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic ore dock at Marquette MI begins service a train of 30 ore cars. ? June 1, 1933 A United Air Lines Boeing 247 flies from coast to coast in 19 hours, 45 minutes. The fastest air-rail service over the same distance is 26 hours. ? June 1, 1937 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passes a "Full Crew" law. It is immediately blocked by the courts. ? June 1, 1939 Mount McKinley Hotel opens, bringing tourists via the Alaska Railroad to the Denali area. ? June 1, 1958 The last passenger train runs on Boston & Maine's Cheshire Branch. ? June 1, 1963 The Louisville & Nashville ends its use of Central Station in Louisville and moves to Union Station. ? June 1, 1968 The New Haven drops its sleeping car contract with the Pullman Company. ? June 1, 1985 After a four-year absence, VIA's "Atlantic" returns. The train also serves six stations in Maine. ? June 1, 1985 CSX Transportation begins running rights over the Canada Southern Subdivision of CP Rail and CN Rail. ? June 1, 1994 The first commercial trains begin using the "Chunnel" providing freight service between England and France. ? June 1, 1999 Conrail operations are taken over by Norfolk Southern Corporation and CSX. ? June 1, 2010 Progress Rail Services announces it is buying Electro-Motive from a partnership of Berkshire Partners LLC and Greenbriar Equity Group LLC. That partnership bought EMD from General Motors in 2005. ? June 1, 2016 The Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland is completed and ceremonies are held to inaugurate the tunnel. The 35-mile long tunnel is the world¡¯s largest; at 1.5 miles the world¡¯s deepest. Full commercial service is expected through the tunnel by December. ? June 1, 2018 The Durango & Silverton Railroad temporarily suspends operations due to the dry conditions in southwest Colorado and a wildfire burning 10 miles north of Durango. ? |
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May 31 in RR History
May 31, 1847 The first railroad between The Hague and Rotterdam opens for business. ? May 31, 1865 The Board of the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago Railroad (later PRR) decides that their stock cars can go to any stockyard in Chicago, not just those on the PFW&C. ? May 31, 1871 The Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad begins operations as a three-foot gauge line connecting Norwalk and Huron OH. The narrow gauge enterprise will fail within two years due to lack of traffic. ? May 31, 1879 An electric railway is demonstrated at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. Ernst Werner von Seimens has constructed a 300-meter circular track to carry passengers. ? May 31, 1887 The first Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe train enters Los Angeles. ? May 31, 1891 Work begins on the Trans-Siberian Railway. ? May 31, 1916 Michigan United Railways ends its lease of the Kalamazoo, Lake Shore & Chicago, ending hopes that the line between Kalamazoo and South Haven MI would become part of a statewide interurban network. ? May 31, 1926 A Sesquicentennial International Exposition opens on South Broad Street in Philadelphia. It is backed by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which is hoping to repeat the success of the Centennial Exhibition 50 years ago. The fair is a financial disaster and attracts few visitors, in part because of rainy weather and poor word-of-mouth. PRR exhibits models, paintings and a 1/32 size 69-foot operating four-track model railroad. ? May 31, 1934 The Detroit United Railway Stephenson line makes its last run. ? May 31, 1947 The Gulf, Mobile & Ohio acquires the Chicago & Alton and gains access to Chicago. ? May 31, 1949 This past month, airline passenger-miles exceed Pullman passenger-miles for the first time. ? May 31, 1952 The Winona Railway ends operations with a ceremonial trip from Warsaw to New Paris IN and back. Passenger service having ended several years before, the fans ride in gondolas pulled by a diesel locomotive. ? May 31, 1966 Great Northern takes delivery of its first SD-45 locomotive from EMD. It will later receive the "Hustle Muscle" sobriquet. ? May 31, 1969 The Texas & Pacific discontinues its "Texas Eagle", leaving Dallas without passenger service. ? May 31, 1970 Des Moines loses passenger service with the last run of Rock Island's "Cornbelt Rocket". ? May 31, 1972 At 12:28 pm Canadian National sends its last communication by Morse code, ending the use of Morse code for official railroad purposes in Canada. The message is sent from the Winnipeg Dispatcher to an agent in Morris, Manitoba. ? May 31, 2008 The Mt. Washington Cog Railway, all-steam since 1869, begins operating a diesel-hydraulic locomotive. The locomotive has been built in the company shops using a 600 hp John Deere tractor engine. The company hopes to combat the rising price of coal. |
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Re: This Weekend in RR History
May 28, 1957 Two Philadelphia PCC cars were involved in a head-on collision on route 56 when car 2233 split a switch on Erie Avenue at Old York Road and plowed into car 2229 which was then retired. Both cars were ex-SLPS 1500s. Car 2233 was back in service in October.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?May 29, 1955 Philadelphia trolley routes 7 (22nd and 23rd Streets) and 70 (52nd Street) were converted to bus operation with new GMC TDH-5106 diesel buses which also replaced postwar Mack buses on route D (Chestnut and Walnut Streets). Route 7 was transferred to the Cumberland garage and routes 70 and D opened up new bus facilities at Callowhill. New bus facilities also opened at Luzerne with routes O, XA, XO, and 89 moving there from Cumberland and route R from Comly. The plain 8000s from route 7 went to route 33 while the CEOM cars from routes 33 and 70 were retired to Southern. The postwar Mack buses from route D replaced prewar Macks on routes 30 and 88 and old Brills on route 89. Routes 90 and XB also got Macks but still used Twins. All postwar Ford buses were retired with routes M, O, P, X, XA, XO, and 25 getting prewar Brills while the 2 Fords from route 14 were replaced by Twins. Prewar Macks replaced the same vintage Brills on routes N and W. On Sundays and holidays, postwar Macks were used on routes N, T, W, Y, and 73.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?May 29, 1969 The NYCTA's new R-42 subway cars began service on the A; some later ran mixed in trains with R-10s.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? May 30, 1954 Chicago's red cars were officially retired with the conversions of routes 8 and 42 (Halsted Street), 16 (Lake Street), 21 (Cermak Road), and 52 (Kedzie-California) to bus operation. These conversions closed Kedzie and Limits as car barns as they were being converted to bus garages. The conversions made Chicago's trolley system all-PCC operated with the cars running on routes 4 (Cottage Grove), 22 (Clark-Wentworth), 36 (Broadway-State), and 49 (Western Avenue), which still ran buses on weekends and holidays.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Fri, May 28, 2021, 8:03 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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This Weekend in RR History
May 28, 1848 To extend its service, the Michigan Central Railroad places the steamboat "Mayflower" with accommodations for 300 cabin passengers in service between Detroit and Buffalo. ? May 28, 1860 Through passenger trains begin operating between Jersey City and Harrisburg via Allentown. The single round trip takes 18 hours. The service exists particularly to distribute New York newspapers. ? May 28, 1870 The first freight car with a feather key on its axles permitting wheel gauge to be adjusted en route is demonstrated. Invented by William B. Snow, it leaves Jersey City on the Erie Railway and will arrive in Chicago on June 3 en route to West Coast. ? May 28, 1879 The Pennsylvania Railroad Board approves the construction of an office building in Grand Rapids MI to serve as the headquarters for the Grand Rapids & Indiana. ? May 28, 1881 Construction begins on the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, which has already been dubbed "the great nickel-plated road" by the Norwalk (OH) Chronicle. ? May 28, 1900 The Compagnie du Chemins de Fer de Paris a Orleans opens the world's first electrified urban railroad terminal, the Gare du Quai d'Orsay in Paris. The system uses a 550-volt DC third rail, designed by the French General Electric subsidiary. The design of the terminal will greatly influence Penn Station. ? May 28, 1904 The Lebanon & Franklin Traction Company opens between its two namesake towns in Ohio for a route of 11 miles. ? May 28, 1905 The Boyne City, Gaylord & Alpena is incorporated. ? May 28, 1911 The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul's (it was not yet known as "The Milwaukee Road") "Olympian" and "Columbian" make their maiden runs. ? May 28, 1915 The Pennsylvania Railroad adopts its own standard for grade crossing signs. ? May 28, 1918 The American Railway Express Company is formed to unify the express business. American Express, Wells Fargo, Adams Express and the Southern Express as well as the express subsidies of the Great Northern, Northern Pacific and Soo Line form the new company. ? May 28, 1925 Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee's high-speed "Skokie" line opens. ? May 28, 1929 The Michigan Railroad Company declares bankruptcy. ? May 28, 1932 Due to the effects of the Depression, Illinois Central suspends operation of the "Panama Limited". ? May 28, 1947 General Motors' "Train of Tomorrow" gets its public debut at Soldier Field, Chicago. ? May 28, 1951 The United States Supreme Court refuses to hear a case in which a lower court ordered Atlantic Coast Line to stop segregation on its passenger cars. The case has been brought by a man who was removed from a train for refusing to move to a segregated car. ? May 28, 1961 Last run of the Orient Express between Paris and Bucharest. ? May 28, 1976 The Grand Trunk Western coal dock at Port Huron MI is demolished. ? May 28, 2015 A Grand Elk train stops in Kalamazoo MI during the morning rush, blocking several busy road crossings because of an air brake issue. A neighboring business owner offers fresh coffee to the waiting drivers, who are delayed up to 25 minutes as the train brakes are repaired. ? May 29, 1832 The first section of the Paterson & Hudson River Railroad (later Erie) between Paterson and Acquackanonk Landing (later Passaic) opens using horse power. It is the first revenue railroad service in New Jersey. ? May 29, 1853 Kalamazoo's Michigan Central Station is destroyed by fire when two drunks upset a stove in an illegal tavern two doors away. The fire is beyond the capabilities of the Kalamazoo Fire Department to extinguish. An intervening thunderstorm is credited with putting out the conflagration and saving the town. ? May 29, 1884 First cable cars in London, England. ? May 29, 1905 The Lansing Manufacturers Railroad is leased to the Michigan Central and Lake Shoe & Michigan Southern railroads for 25 years. The lease will take effect on July 1. ? May 29, 1906 A new 17-span drawbridge across the Susquehanna River at Havre-de-Grace MD opens. The former bridge is offered free to the adjacent counties for use as a road bridge, but the offer is declined. ? May 29, 1909 "Ann Arbor Carferry No. 4" capsizes at Manistique due to uneven loading. No one is injured, but the boat will be out of service until September. ? May 29, 1914 The steamer "Empress of Ireland" sinks in the St. Lawrence River near Rimouski in dense fog. One thousand twelve people perish, more than aboard the "Titanic". The ship was owned by Canadian Pacific Railway. ? May 29, 1916 Empire Builder James Jerome Hill passes away. ? May 29, 1931 Passenger service on the Pennsylvania Railroad ends between Columbus and Sandusky OH. ? May 29, 1935 The Otto Kuhler-styled "Streamlined Hiawatha" enters service on the Milwaukee Road. ? May 29, 1955 Long a steam-only holdout, the Norfolk & Western purchases its first diesels: eight Alco RS-3's. ? May 29, 1955 Great Northern's "Empire Builder" receives new dome cars. ? May 29, 1958 Passenger service ends on the New York Central¡¯s Putnam Division. ? May 30, 1830 "Tom Thumb", a one horsepower locomotive built by businessman Peter Cooper, passes its first test by pulling over 4 tons at 15 miles per hour. ? May 30, 1880 The Pennsylvania Railroad cuts its New York to St. Louis time to 34 hours and its New York to Chicago time to 28 hours 30 minutes. ? May 30, 1907 Two interurban cars collide in Elyria OH. Eight passengers are killed, including the son of Elyria businessman Edgar F. Allen. This loss will lead him to help create charities dedicated to assisting crippled children, including ¡°Easter Seals¡±. ? May 30, 1908 The "Ash Pan Act" requires all steam locomotives to be equipped with an ash pan that can be opened without crawling under the engine. ? May 30, 1911 Record crowds fill Indianapolis Union Depot and the Indianapolis Traction Terminal to see the first Indianapolis 500. The Peoria & Eastern will convey about 70,000 to the Speedway; traction lines about 5,000. Both the Monon and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton have run special trains for the event. ? May 30, 1927 The 240-mile Angora Cesarea Railway in Turkey opens. Keeping with tradition, in Constantinople 100 sheep, a camel and rugs are sacrificed to mark the occasion. ? May 30, 1953 The Cedar Rapids & Iowa City Railway runs its last passenger trains. ? May 30, 1957 The last official steam-powered passenger train leaves Halifax NS. Steam will make at least one additional appearance before the end. ? May 30, 1960 Canadian National announces that its conversion from steam to diesel is complete. ? May 30, 1963 The Peoria & Eastern runs the last of its "500" specials. The race day special trains are profitable, but do not fit into the company's long-range plans. ? |
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Re: May 27 in RR History
May 27, 1954 Philadelphia trolley route 23 was rerouted Chestnut Hill-bound to operate via Huntingdon Street instead of Cambria from 11th Street to Germantown Avenue.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Thu, May 27, 2021, 6:38 AM Dennis Linsky via <dennismk2014=[email protected]> wrote:
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Re: May 27 in RR History
May 27, 1951 Brooklyn's Wilson Avenue and Ralph-Rockaway Avenues trolley routes were converted to bus operation and the old Canarsie Depot closed. They were Brooklyn's last 2 non-PCC car routes but 20 of the 8400- series Peter Wit cars were kept at 9th Avenue Depot for rush hour service on McDonald Avenue to take care?of turnback services on Avenues I and X.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Thu, May 27, 2021, 6:30 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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May 27 in RR History
May 27, 1794 Cornelius Vanderbilt, creator of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, is born. ? May 27, 1861 The Cooper Shop Volunteer Refreshment Saloon goes into operation in Philadelphia serving meals to troops in transit. It takes its name from an adjacent cooperage. It replaces impromptu efforts of ladies who had handed out coffee and other refreshments. ? May 27, 1876 The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western changes its gauge from 6' to 4' 8 ?". ? May 27, 1877 "Havana" station in Kalkaska County MI on the Grand Rapids & Indiana is renamed "Westwood". ? May 27, 1885 Horsecars begin operating in South Bend IN. ? May 27, 1896 A swarm of caterpillars cover the rails of the Minneapolis & St. Louis near Redwood Falls MN, stalling a train trying to climb up the grade, even though large amounts of sand were applied. After an hour or so enough of the caterpillars move off the rails to allow the train to proceed. ? May 27, 1900 A sleeping car line is reestablished between Louisville and Detroit, now running via Logansport instead of Indianapolis. ? May 27, 1907 The first steel column of New York's Pennsylvania Station is put into place. ? May 27, 1911 The Boston & Maine begins using electric locomotives through Hoosac Tunnel. ? May 27, 1924 The Winona Service Company is chartered to operate the properties of the Winona Interurban Railway, which it has purchased at foreclosure. ? May 27, 1962 Last run of the Aalberg-Orient Express. ? May 27, 1977 The last Istanbul-Paris Orient Express arrives in Paris. ? |
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May 26 in RR History
May 26, 1851 The Schenectady Locomotive Works is formed. ? May 26, 1898 The Elkhart IN newspaper reports that the Elkhart & Western has been purchased by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. ? May 26, 1922 The Baldwin Locomotive Works, delivering 20 2-10-2's to the Southern Pacific Railroad, runs them all in a single train dubbed "The Prosperity Special". Four pushers will be required to boost the train over the Allegheny Mountains. ? May 26, 1931 The Pennsylvania Railroad begins experimental "demoutable truck body" container service between Baltimore and points on the Delmarva Peninsula. The 20-foot containers can be carried on a truck chassis or railroad car. ? May 26, 1934 The Chicago Burlington & Quincy's "Pioneer Zephyr" makes its "Dawn to Dusk" Denver to Chicago non-stop run. The trip's average speed is 77.5 miles per hour; the top just above 112. Eighty-four people and a mule named "Zeph" are aboard the train. When asked about the mule, CB&Q President Ralph Budd responds "Why not? One more jackass on this trip won't make a difference." ? May 26, 1936 The Rexall Drug Company charters a special train to tour the country and promote its products. Over the next eight months, the train will cover 29,000 miles. ? May 26, 1942 The second Pennsylvania Railroad class T1 4-4-4-4 duplex is placed in service, dubbed the "Buck Rogers". ? May 26, 1947 General Motors "Train of Tomorrow" begins a two-day press excursion to French Lick IN from Chicago. The train will travel over the Monon. ? May 26, 1960 The Pioneer Zephyr is donated to Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry. ? May 26, 1985 A major fire at the Hesston Steam Museum near La Porte IN damages four of their 2 and 3 foot gauge locomotives. ? May 26, 1992 Milan Tower (MI) is torn down. ? |
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Re: May 25 in RR History
May 25, 1950 The Chicago trolley involved in the gasoline truck crash was Green Hornet PCC car 7078 which was gutted by the fire. The collision took place at the short turn loop at 61st and State Street where the cars turned due to a flooded underpass south of 63rd Street. Afterward, the CTA declared its entire PCC fleet unsafe and ordered the cars to install kick-out windows to eliminate such mishaps. The city ordered gasoline deliveries during rush hours stopped and ordered that the sewage system should be upgraded. Two weeks later, on June 9, Philadelphia PCC car 2603 was burned inside Bay 5 at Callowhill Depot and scrapped.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? May 25, 1961 The Federal Government put the axe on Washington's trolley operations, announcing that the PCC fleet should be replaced by buses by 1963 but only if the replacement buses are bought new and are air conditioned.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?May 25, 1981 SEPTA's Red Arrow division put its summer timetables into effect due to a strike which lasted 46 days, outlasting the 45-day City division strike of 1977 by one day.? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Tue, May 25, 2021, 6:09 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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May 25 in RR History
May 25, 1857 The New York Central and the Hudson River Railroads begin operating a "Lightning Train" between New York City and Buffalo in 15 hours, or an average of 40 MPH. ? May 25, 1865 The first steel rails are rolled at a foundry in Chicago from steel made in blast furnaces in Wyandotte MI. ? May 25, 1873 The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opens its 'Metropolitan Branch" from Washington to Point of Rocks MD. ? May 25, 1882 The Burlington & Missouri River Railroad (later CB&Q) reaches Denver. ? May 25, 1902 A double-track truss bridge over the Raritan River at New Brunswick MD is shifted 15 feet to allow the construction of a new stone arch bridge. ? May 25, 1903 The Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley becomes the first railroad in the United States to use an electrified third rail to power its locomotives. ? May 25, 1907 Workers constructing Penn Station set off a blast, which sends shock waves into nearby neighborhoods and showers the area with rock fragments. Twelve people are injured. ? May 25, 1919 The ¡°Broadway Limited¡± is reinstated by the Pennsylvania Railroad over the objections of the USRA. ? May 25, 1938 Last day for streetcars in Sandusky OH. ? May 25, 1949 The Pennsylvania Railroad Board hears a report that 1.25 million annual passenger train miles have been cut since the first of the year. ? May 25, 1950 Thirty-three people are killed when a Chicago Surface Lines streetcar crashes into a fuel truck. ? May 25, 1982 The Venice-Simplon Orient Express, a reconstructed version of the Orient Express, begins excursion service between London and Vienna. ? May 25, 1996 Juraj Barbaric pulls a train weighing 396.8 tons a distance of 25 feet three inches along a track in Kosice, Slovakia, setting the current world's record. ? May 25, 2002 Iowa Pacific acquires its first two shortlines: Texas New Mexico Railway and Lubbock Railway. The two had been previously owned by Rail America. ? May 25, 2011 In an effort to reduce train-zombie collisions, Norfolk Southern participates in Memphis TN's annual "Zombie Walk". "Brainy" the giant walking human brain, part of NS's "train your brain" safety program marches in the parade. ? |
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Re: May 24 in RR History
May 24, 1953 Chicago trolley routes 63 (63rd Street), 67 (67th-69th-71st Streets), and 38 (Indiana Avenue) were converted to bus operation, and former trolley route 12 (Roosevelt Road), converted to bus operation on 8/12/1951, was reconverted to trolleybus operation.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? May 24, 1954 Philadelphia's new transit map went into circulation but 3 days later it was wrong and had to be corrected due to the rerouting of Chestnut Hill-bound trolley route 23 via Huntingdon Street instead of Cambria from 11th Street to Germantown Avenue.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Mon, May 24, 2021, 6:21 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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May 24 in RR History
May 24, 1830 The first regular steam passenger rail service in the U.S. begins: Baltimore to Ellicotts Mill MD. (some sources say May 22). ? May 24, 1841 The Western Railroad (later B&A) is completed from West Springfield to Chester MA. ? May 24, 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse sends the first telegraph message from the basement of the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. to the Baltimore & Ohio's Mt. Clare Depot. The message "What God hath wrought" was transmitted across overhead wires following the B&O's Washington Branch. For the first time in the history of mankind, two persons communicate instantly over a distance of 40 miles. ? May 24, 1867 The Boston & Albany receives a new charter, adding the Boston & Worcester and Western railroads. ? May 24, 1874 The Grand Rapids & Indiana opens for revenue service on its trackage between Walton Junction and Petoskey, MI operating three times a week. The branch was completed in November 1873 but has sat unused this past winter. ? May 24, 1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opens. It carries both cable cars and trolleys. Later it will carry Long Island Railroad trains for a time. ? May 24, 1905 The Board of the Pennsylvania Railroad authorizes spending $356,300 to equip freight cars with air brakes. ? May 24, 1916 The Pennsylvania Railroad Board authorizes converting 267 MP54 MU cars for branch line passenger service. ? May 24, 1919 An out of control Union Traction Company (IN) car roars into the Noblesville town square, overturns, and crushes 10 automobiles. A small boy in one of the autos is killed, 23 are injured. ? May 24, 1931 The first air-conditioned passenger train goes into service on the Baltimore & Ohio, the all-parlor "Colombian". Individual cars had been air conditioned for several years previous, with the first ice-cooling experiment in 1884. ? May 24, 1933 The Union Pacific announces it is developing what would be the first lightweight, streamlined passenger train in the United States. ? May 24, 1938 The Michigan Railroad Club has its first railfan excursion: a trip over the Michigan Central to tour the shops and other facilities at Jackson MI. ? May 24, 1954 Cleveland Union Terminals Company approves the sale of their electric locomotives to the New York Central for use in New York City. ? May 24, 1958 The Pennsylvania Railroad¡¯s ¡°Blue Grass Special¡±, running between Chicago and Louisville, is cut back to an Indianapolis-Louisville train connecting with the New York Central¡¯s ¡°James Whitcomb Riley¡± in Indianapolis for Chicago. ? May 24, 1967 The Pennsylvania Railroad tests a 156-mph train, a forerunner of the Metroliners. The four cars in the test train were built by Budd especially for this test, conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The cars' design is based on the "Silverliner" and "Arrow" commuter cars. ? May 24, 2007 General Electric debuts its Hybrid Locomotive at Los Angeles Union Station. The technology uses the energy formerly given off as heat during dynamic braking to charge batteries, which then in turn supplement the energy produced by the prime mover. General Electric claims that in the course of a year, that recovered energy could power 160 typical households. ? |
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Re: This Weekend in RR History
May 21, 1967 The Pennsylvania Railroad tested a new high-speed passenger train from New Brunswick to Trenton. It ran 100 miles per hour.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? May 22, 1955 Los Angeles trolley route 5 (Eagle Rock--Hawthorne), the world's second longest trolley route behind Chicago's Broadway-State, was converted to bus operation. Also, the northern portion of trolley route 9 and the southern portion of trolley route W remained rail as route W with route 9 converted to bus operation.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?May 23, 1957 Philadelphia Mayor Richardson Dilworth decided for an all-bus operation on Market Street, claiming that the old trolleys still running on routes 17 and 32 cause delays at City Hall and don't blend in with Penn Center. Also, trolley route 62, the Darby-Yeadon shuttle using a single PCC car, remained rail as the PTC didn't want to hassle with Darby about any bus conversions.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Dennis M Linsky On Fri, May 21, 2021, 7:41 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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This Weekend in RR History
May 21, 1836 The Troy & Schenectady Railroad (later NYC) is incorporated. Construction will begin in 1841. (Some sources list this company as the Schenectady & Troy Railroad) ? May 21, 1852 The Michigan Central runs its first train from Detroit to Chicago. ? May 21, 1876 The Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad (later Big 4, NYC, PC, CR, NS) opens its 111-mile line between Goshen and Anderson IN. ? May 21, 1877 At Altoona, Pennsylvania, tests begin which result in the permanent installation of telephones in the Pennsylvania Railroad shops, the first trial and use of the telephone for railroad purposes. ? May 21, 1884 The Wheeling & Lake Erie opens new ore docks at Huron OH. ? May 21, 1905 First revenue run, South Bend to St. Joseph on the Southern Michigan Railway (interurban) ? May 21, 1920 Canadian National is assigned the management of the Grand Trunk. ? May 21, 1930 Streetcar service ends in Oshkosh WI. ? May 21, 1932 The Houghton County Street Railway (MI) calls it quits. ? May 21, 1966 The last trolley runs in St. Louis. ? May 21, 2014 French railway and government officials confirm that the platforms and track spacing on nearly 1,300 French stations is too narrow to accommodate new equipment scheduled for delivery through 2016. The French weekly La Canard Enchaine reports that it will take $68 million to fix the problem. ? May 21, 2017 Ringling Brothers/Barnum & Bailey Circus closes and with it the last circus train, a railroad tradition that goes back to 1872. ? May 22, 1851 Pennsylvania bans the use of four-wheel cars in passenger trains. One four-wheel baggage car per train is excepted. ? May 22, 1852 First through passenger train, Toledo to Chicago, over the tracks of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana railroads. ? May 22, 1854 The Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad lets a contract for Sand Patch Tunnel on its extension to reach the Baltimore & Ohio at Cumberland, MD. The P&C plans to offer the B&O direct access to Pittsburgh. ? May 22, 1868 The "Great Train Robbery" takes place in Marshfield, IN, near Seymour. Seven members of the Reno gang are credited with making off with $96,000 in loot from the safes of the Adams Express Company. ? May 22, 1871 The Detroit & Bay City Railroad (later MC, NYC) is formed. (Some sources say May 6) ? May 22, 1878 A refrigerated carload of beef arrives in Philadelphia 64 hours after leaving Chicago. It has been routed on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, New York Central & Hudson River, Lehigh Valley and Reading Railroads. ? May 22, 1915 The worst train wreck in Great Britain's history: Four trains collide at a manual junction when the operator gives a false clear to one train and fails to warn two others. The death toll is estimated at 227, most of them soldiers bound for the front. ? May 22, 1930 The Pere Marquette carferry "City of Flint 32" is placed into Lake Michigan service. ? May 22, 1932 The Indiana Railroad (interurban) discontinues service between Peru and Lafayette. ? May 22, 1956 Eleven days after the official end of steam, a Chicago & North Western steam locomotive is pressed into service one last time for a Chicago commuter train. ? May 22, 1956 First test of the Pennsylvania's "Keystone" cars, low-level tubular cars built by Budd. ? May 22, 1961 Milwaukee's "Olympian Hiawatha" departs Chicago and Seattle for the last time. ? May 22, 1993 On the Escanaba & Lake Superior, the wooden trestle over the Ontonagon River is set on fire. Rail traffic is suspended until June 19. The arsonist has not been caught. ? May 22, 2008 TTX Corporation announces the first of 55 "Uni-level" cars is placed in service. The 85-foot long, enclosed cars are intended to carry Class 5-8 trucks, recreational vehicles, busses, military equipment, fire trucks and other large wheeled vehicles not able to be carried in conventional enclosed racks. The new cars carry a "TTUX" reporting mark. ? May 22, 2009 The Disney Corporation launches a five-car train to promote its new movie, "A Christmas Carol" due to open in November. The tour will cover 16,000 miles in 36 states and 40 cities. ? May 22, 2015 Police in Ft. Lauderdale FL are called out to rescue a naked man sitting on top of an open Florida East Coast Railroad drawbridge. Police believe the man had been swimming in the Tarpon River and had sat on the bridge to rest when it began to open. The open bridge is 80 feet tall. ? May 23, 1860 The Sheriff of Dauphin County PA attaches a number of Pennsylvania Railroad locomotives for $300,000 in back taxes. The PRR posts bond and redeems its equipment. ? May 23, 1887 First transcontinental train enters Vancouver, BC. ? May 23, 1890 Salem OH gains streetcar service. ? May 23, 1920 The Pennsylvania Railroad begins passenger service from Toledo to Fort Street Union Depot in Detroit via trackage rights over the Ann Arbor, Pere Marquette and Wabash. The New York Central begins two daily round trips between Detroit and Pittsburgh to compete with the new PRR service. ? May 23, 1920 New York Central extends the New York-Buffalo "Mohawk" to Chicago via the Michigan Central. ? May 23, 1958 Nickel Plate shops its last steam locomotive: 2-8-4 #759 at Conneaut OH. Two other steamers in for class repairs, 754 & 756, will be scrapped in place when Conneaut closes. ? |
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Re: May 20 in RR History
May 20, 1970 Two passengers were killed and 77 were hurt when two GG trains collided in the IND Roosevelt Avenue wreck. R-16 car 6304 was cut up and R-40M car 4501 was heavily damaged but was eventually repaired at Coney Island Shops. The collision was caused by human failure, mainly for permitting the motorman of car 4501, who had a poor record, to operate trains. After the wreck, E and F trains gave spotty service from Jamaica, Forest Hills, and Queens Plaza to their south terminals. Later, they ran on the local track to Jamaica and express to Manhattan on the Queens-bound express track. EE trains from Whitehall Street ran to Astoria and GG trains from Smith-9th Street first terminated at Court Square, then at Northern Boulevard. Then all Manhattan and Brooklyn-bound E, F, and GG trains ran to Queens Plaza on the Manhattan-bound express track. KK (6th Avenue-Broadway Brooklyn) trains operated beyond the rush hours and all 7 (Flushing) train service was local, since 74th Street is a local stop. Normal service was restored the next day.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Thu, May 20, 2021, 6:35 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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May 20 in RR History
May 20, 1830 The first railroad timetable published in a newspaper appears in the Baltimore American. ? May 20, 1852 The Michigan Central is completed to Calumet (Kensington) south of Chicago, forming an unbroken line from Detroit. It enters the city over the Illinois Central from Calumet to 22nd Street after Illinois refuses to grant the MC an Illinois charter. (Some sources say 5/21, others say 5/22) ? May 20, 1873 The Westinghouse air brake is demonstrated on the Pennsylvania Railroad. ? May 20, 1876 The Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad begins operating through Pullman sleeping cars between Grand Rapids MI and Centennial Station in Philadelphia. ? May 20, 1877 In response to last week's announcement of a new fast train bypassing Chicago, the Pennsylvania Railroad breaks an agreement with the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern and Michigan Central to begin a new fast passenger train between Chicago and New York, scheduled for 29 hours. ? May 20, 1892 The last Broad-gauge (7 feet, 1/4 inch) train runs on the Great Western Railway, out of London's Paddington Station. ? May 20, 1908 Gary Railways begins streetcar service in Gary IN. ? May 20, 1926 The Railway Labor Act becomes law. ? May 20, 1936 The first locomotive rolls out of Electro-Motive Corporation's (later EMD) LaGrange plant in McCook IL: a 100-ton, 600-horsepower switcher built for the Santa Fe. ? May 20, 1940 Sixty-six railroads in the United States, in cooperation with the Travelers' Credit Corporation, begin selling railroad tickets, Pullman accommodations and all-expense tours on an installment basis, known as the Travel Credit Plan. Purchases over $50 [2020: $954] could be charged. ? May 20, 1962 On the floor of the U.S. Senate, Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island, in talking about railroads, calls for a "Public Authority that would carry passengers while existing companies would continue their more profitable function of hauling freight". ? May 20, 1963 The Rutland Railroad ceases operations after failing to come to terms with its operating unions over a proposed operations center move from Rutland to Burlington VT. ? May 20, 1964 The presidents of the Pennsylvania and New York Central Railroads sign an agreement in anticipation of the Penn Central merger that will provide job protection in the new company for Union employees. In turn the unions drop their opposition to the merger. ? May 20, 1983 Canadian National abandons its Haliburton Sub. ? May 20, 2008 The trailer of a semi-truck carrying an 80-ton locomotive (ex-Timken #7948) breaks free, hitting three bridge supports under I-74. The bridge deck comes to rest on top of the locomotive. Officials expect the repair to take up to three months. ? |
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May 19 in RR History
May 19, 1835 The York & Maryland Line Railroad (later Maryland & Pennsylvania) is organized at Baltimore. ? May 19, 1845 Sir John Franklin launches an expedition to find the North-West Passage. His two ships have been modified to navigate through the ice, and include propellers driven by steam locomotives from which the wheels have been removed. The locomotives formerly served the London & Greenwich Railway. The mission will ultimately fail with all hands lost. ? May 19, 1846 The New York & New Haven Railroad is organized at Hartford CT. ? May 19, 1847 The "Fall River Line Steamboat Express" enters service between Boston and Fall River. Arthur D. Dubin considered it the first express train in the U.S. ? May 19, 1857 Cornelius Vanderbilt, already a multi-millionaire steamboat operator, becomes a director of the New York & Harlem Railroad. ? May 19, 1862 The Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac is opened to Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg. The quickly constructed bridge over Potomac Creek will cause President Lincoln to quip it was built from "beanpoles and cornstalks". ? May 19, 1869 The City of Logansport, IN signs an agreement with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway to subscribe $50,000 to build shops on east side of town. ? May 19, 1869 The Boston & Albany buys the East Boston Freight Railroad. ? May 19, 1871 The Woodruff Sleeping & Parlor Coach Company is incorporated in Pennsylvania. ? May 19, 1881 The Southern Pacific reaches El Paso. ? May 19, 1906 The Simplon Railroad Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland, the world's longest until 1979, opens to traffic. ? May 19, 1909 The Milwaukee Road completes its route to the west coast with a "Golden Spike" at Garrison MT. ? May 19, 1925 The Wabash Railroad gains control of the Ann Arbor through purchase of stock. ? May 19, 1937 The Baltimore & Ohio receive the first streamlined EMC diesels: EA/EB models. ? May 19, 1950 An explosion of munitions at the Pennsylvania Railroad piers at South Amboy NJ kills 30, puts PRR coal docks out of action and scatters land mines and other explosives throughout South Amboy. ? May 19, 1954 Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton ships a coal turbine locomotive to the Norfolk & Western. The locomotive, numbered 2300 and nicknamed "Jawn Henry" will prove to be very powerful and very expensive to operate. ? May 19, 1968 Last run of Illinois Central's "Green Diamond". ? May 19, 1980 The Grand Trunk Company merges into CN Rail. ? May 19, 1997 CSX announces it will spend $222 million ($370 million in 2021) to restore double track on the former Baltimore & Ohio mainline through Indiana and Ohio. CSX plans to use the added capacity after it acquires its share of Conrail. ? May 19, 2014 The Dutch Railway signs an agreement to power their electric trains entirely with electricity from wind turbines. ? |
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May 18 in RR HIstory
May 18, 1836 The Central Railroad of Michigan (later MC, NYC, PC, CR, NS) begins construction at King's Corner (SE corner of Woodward & Jefferson), Detroit. ? May 18, 1875 The Waynesburg & Washington Railroad is incorporated in Pennsylvania to build a narrow gauge railroad between those points. ? May 18, 1896 The Lehigh Valley's signature train, the "Black Diamond" makes its first run. The train gets its name from a Toledo man who won $25 in a contest. ? May 18, 1917 Nickel Plate draftsmen design a "Nickel Plate Road" logo to be applied to all freight cars. Before this time only small lettering and reporting marks had been applied. The basic logo would remain until the merger with the Norfolk & Western. ? May 18, 1922 The New York Central Railroad gains control of the Chicago Stockyards District by the purchase of the Chicago River & Indiana Railroad and the Lease of the Chicago Junction Railway. ? May 18, 1942 The experimental class Q1 4-6-4-4 duplex locomotive is completed at Altoona for the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is assigned to service between Columbus and Chicago. ? May 18, 1952 A pickup truck hits the side of a Chesapeake & Ohio freight train at an unsignaled crossing just outside of Sawyer MI. Thirty of the 107 cars in the train derail, destroying the Sawyer depot, a warehouse and a grocery store. The driver of the pickup will pass away from his injuries 10 days later. ? May 18, 1958 The Nickel Plate runs its last steam-powered passenger train, a roundtrip excursion from Buffalo to Cleveland. ? May 18, 1979 The State of Michigan purchases the Grand Trunk Western car ferry "City of Milwaukee". ? May 18, 1990 France's TGV train hits a speed of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph) in a test of TGV equipment and track structure. This sets a record (later broken) for the fastest speed obtained by conventional equipment on conventional track, although both the TGV trainset and track have been modified for the tests. ? May 18, 2020 Norfolk Southern closes its Roanoke shops, founded in 1881. ? |
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Re: May 17 in RR History
May 17, 1971 The first railroad strike involving Amtrak took place when railroad signalmen went on strike. The Penn Central, Reading, Erie-Lackawanna, and Jersey Central were among 30 railroads involved. The Long Island Railroad was unaffected by the strike but its trains ran to Hunters Point and Woodside or were diverted to Brooklyn. The PATH tubes didn't operate from Journal Square to Newark. The Newark Subway terminated its runs at Broad Street. The Staten Island Rapid Transit didn't operate. Service returned on the 19th after Congressional action.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dennis M Linsky On Mon, May 17, 2021, 6:10 AM Mark Tomlonson via <tomlonson=[email protected]> wrote:
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